1704380139
9.Some economists use the term “learning by doing” in a narrow sense to connote a very specific situation where a new plant will reduce its cost of production as its cumulative output grows.As I will discuss, this plant-level effect often involves workers and managers learning through experience, but it might involve other things as well.When I use the term “learning by doing,” I connote the much broader and original notion of the term, which includes “learning by using” (Rosenberg) and a significant swath of “user innovation” (von Hippel).
1704380140
1704380141
第一章 创新？之后才更重要！
1704380142
1704380143
1.Larcom, New England Girlhood.
1704380144
1704380145
2.Appleton, Introduction of the Power Loom.
1704380146
1704380147
3.Dublin, Women at Work.
1704380148
1704380149
4.Montgomery, Practical Detail.
1704380150
1704380151
5.Zevin, “Growth of Cotton Textile Production.”
1704380152
1704380153
6.This is not true of all technologies.For example, penicillin and small molecule pharmaceuticals often deliver most of their benefit soon after the initial commercialization.Delayed benefits are a feature of technologies where sequential innovation is important, as discussed in Chapter 3.
1704380154
1704380155
7.Rosenberg, “Technological Interdependence”; Hollander, Sources of Increased Efficiency; Nuvolari, “Collective Invention.”
1704380156
1704380157
8.This quip is from Gavin Wright, “Foundations,” paraphrasing the line in the 1954 film version of The Caine Mutiny: “The first thing you’ve got to learn about this ship is that she was designed by geniuses to be run by idiots.”
1704380158
1704380159
9.Mokyr, Gifts of Athena.
1704380160
1704380161
10.Mokyr, Enlightened Economy; Landes, Unbound Prometheus; Allen, British Industrial Revolution.
1704380162
1704380163
11.Mokyr, Enlightened Economy, p.110.
1704380164
1704380165
12.Meisenzahl and Mokyr, “Rate and Direction.”
1704380166
1704380167
13.Wadsworth and Mann, Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire.
1704380168
1704380169
14.MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution, pp..202–204.
1704380170
1704380171
15.MacLeod, “James Watt.”
1704380172
1704380173
16.Von Tunzfilmann, Steam Power.
1704380174
1704380175
17.To cite two instances, the Smithsonian Institution celebrates heroic inventors at the Lemelson Hall of Invention, commemorating the leading patent troll of the twentieth century who donated the funding; the National Inventors Hall of Fame is hosted by the U.S.Patent and Trademark O.ce and only includes inventors who secured patents, excluding, for example, Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web.
1704380176
1704380177
18.Cringely, “Steve Jobs.”
1704380178
1704380179
19.Lyman, “Transaction of the Rhode Island Society.”
1704380180
1704380181
20.Clark, “Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed?”
1704380182
1704380183
21.Thus to the extent that theory contemplates technology implementation, much of it only appears to consider investment in R&D and not the development of worker skills and knowledge.In economics, this problem is framed as one of cumulative innovation, as in Scotchmer, “Standing on the Shoulders.” In legal scholarship, the problem is framed as one of commercialization.See Kieff, “Property Rights and Property Rules”; Sichelman, “Commercializing Patents”; and Abramowicz and Duffy, “Intellectual Property for Market Experimentation.” But again, the question, as framed, is only about the investments that firms need to make in order to bring inventions to market, not about the broader development of skills and knowledge.
1704380184
1704380185
22.This is a very old intuition about patents, expressed in a formal model by Kenneth Arrow, “Economic Welfare.”
1704380186
1704380187
23.Other justifications for patents include the arguments that they facilitate trade and that they promote disclosure of knowledge.Economic analysis of patents has focused largely on R&D incentives.See, for example, the innovation theory textbook by Scotchmer, Innovation and Incentives.Notably, this text does not discuss implementation at all.
1704380188
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704380139e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]