1704380633
19.Goldin and Katz, Race between Education and Technology.
1704380634
1704380635
20.In 1979, college-educated workers with less than.ve years experience earned 1 percent more than workers with only a high school diploma; in 2009, they earned 16 percent more.Note that the wages of inexperienced college-educated workers are more volatile with respect to the business cycle.
1704380636
1704380637
21.Stone, Van Horn, and Zukin, “Chasing the American Dream.”
1704380638
1704380639
22.Abel, Deitz, and Su, “Are Recent College Graduates Finding Good Jobs?”
1704380640
1704380641
23.This difference arises because employers only have limited information on the abilities of job applicants.A college diploma provides information that the applicant might be better at learning on the job, but in many cases that “signal” will not be correct.Thus some college-educated workers will not be suitable where jobs require substantial learning on the job.Some will quit and some will be.red.Note that I.am not arguing that a college diploma is purely about signaling (as some people do).
1704380642
1704380643
24.Using the March Current Population Survey, I compare top-level providers to mid-skill providers and technicians.Top-level providers include physicians, dentists, veterinarians, optometrists, and podiatrists; the second group includes registered nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech therapists, therapists not elsewhere classified, physicians’ assistants, clinical laboratory technologists and technicians, dental hygienists, health record technologists and technicians, radiologic technicians, licensed practical nurses, and health technologists and technicians not elsewhere classified,.If the ratio of mid-skill providers to top-level providers had remained the same as in 1989, there would have been 1.96 million fewer mid-level jobs in 2009.
1704380644
1704380645
25.The administration has since announced some new initiatives in technical education, but funding levels have remained the same.
1704380646
1704380647
26.This is spending per full-time equivalent student.Desrochers and Wellman, “Trends.”
1704380648
1704380649
27.Richard Vedder,“Princeton Reaps Tax Breaks as State Colleges Beg,” Bloomberg News, March.18, 2012.
1704380650
1704380651
28.Century Foundation, Bridging the Higher Education Divide.
1704380652
1704380653
29.Holzer et al., “Where Are All the Good Jobs?,” p..41.
1704380654
1704380655
30.Appelbaum, Bernhardt, and Murnane, Low-Wage America.
1704380656
1704380657
31.Maggie Severns, “The Student Loan Debt Crisis in 9 Charts,” Mother Jones, June 5, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/06/student-loan-debt-charts.
1704380658
1704380659
32.See, for example, Greenstone and Looney, “Where Is the Best Place to Invest $102,000?”
1704380660
1704380661
33.In addition, these studies tend to ignore the risk that a student will not complete college, but nevertheless accumulate debt (only about half of college entrants obtain a diploma within six years), and they ignore the extent to which the people who complete college would also be able to earn more than the average high school graduate even without the diploma (because of greater drive or ability).
1704380662
1704380663
第九章 谁的知识经济？
1704380664
1704380665
1.Mokyr, Gifts of Athena.
1704380666
1704380667
2.Drucker, “Next Society.”
1704380668
1704380669
3.Machlup, Production and Distribution of Knowledge.
1704380670
1704380671
4.Note that a declining share of employment does not imply a declining share of output.See Baumol, Blackman, and Wol., Productivity and American Leadership.
1704380672
1704380673
5.Baumol, Blackman, and Wol., Productivity and American Leadership, ch..6.
1704380674
1704380675
6.Rowthorn and Ramaswamy, “Growth, Trade, and Deindustrialization.” Specifically, they find that the relative share consumers spend on manufactured goods tends to increase in early stages of development and to decrease later on (that is, the income elasticity of manufactured goods is greater than one initially and less than one later on).
1704380676
1704380677
7.Manufacturing might be more affected by globalization because many services are not “offshorable.” However, mature services are also increasingly being performed overseas today, thanks, in part, to information technologies; see Blinder, “How Many United States Jobs Might Be Offshorable?”
1704380678
1704380679
8.Baumol and Bowen, “On the Performing Arts.”
1704380680
1704380681
9.See Baily and Bosworth, “U.S.Manufacturing”; Triplett and Bosworth, “Productivity Measurement Issues,” claiming Baumol’s disease has been cured.
1704380682
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704380633e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]