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39.Centerfor Responsive Politics, “Defense: Background,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/background.php?cycle=2014&ind=D.
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40.American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), “Federal Spending Bills Contain 2,526 R&D Earmarks, AAAS Analysis Finds,” January 8, 2008, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/aaftfsb010808.php.
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41.Center for Responsive Politics, “Interest Groups: Lawyers and Lobbyists,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?Ind=K.
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42.Several bills have been proposed.One, the Defend Trade Secrets Act sponsored by Senators Chris Coons and Orrin Hatch, has the support of 3M, Abbott, AdvaMed, Boston Scientific, Caterpillar, Corning, DuPont, GE, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Micron, Microsoft, Monsanto, Philips, P&G, and United Technologies.See http://www.coons.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/release/sena
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43.It is a tendency also seen in treaties that “harmonize” intellectual property law.
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44.Callum Borchers, “DeLeo Plan Would Preserve Tech Noncompetes,” Boston Globe, June 3, 2014; Dennis Keohane, “Mass Legislators Pass on Change to Noncompete Laws,” BetaBoston, July 31, 2014, http://betaboston.com/news/2014/07/31 /mass-legislators-pass-on-change-to-noncompete-laws/.
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45.Hathaway and Litan, “Declining Business Dynamism in the United States.”
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46.Haltiwanger,Hathaway, and Miranda, “Declining Business Dynamism in the U.S.High-Technology Sector.”
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第十四章 大众技能和国家繁荣
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1.Comin and Ferrer, “If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere.”
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2.Foster and Rosenzweig, “Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.”
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3.Diamond, Guns, Gfirms, and Steel.
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4.Weber, Protestant Ethic.Weber also saw the Protestant ethic helping the work ethic of ordinary workers.
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5.Landes, Wealth and Poverty.
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6.Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail.These authors also see the importance of economic incentives affecting ordinary workers, for example, incentives to acquire an education.However, entrepreneurs and inventors are central to their explanation of the link between institutions and technological innovation.
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7.Goldin and Sokolo., in “Relative Productivity Hypothesis,” argue that young women were relatively less productive than adult men on the firm.More generally they had few other opportunities to make a living (see Lebergott, “Wage Trends”).
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8.Generally, women’s economic equality is correlated with economic development.See Inglehart and Norris, Rising Tide.
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9.Rossi, Sex Life.
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10.Greif and Iyigun, “Social Organizations.”
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11.Acemoglu et al., “Income and Democracy.”
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12.Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail.
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13.Ezra Klein, “The Doom Loop of Oligarchy,” Vox, April 11, 2014, http://www.vox.com/2014/4/11/5581272/doom-loop-oligarchy.
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14.Piketty, Capital, p.422: “Our democratic societies rest on a meritocratic worldview, or at any rate a meritocratic hope, by which I mean a belief in a society in which inequality is based more on merit and effort than on kinship and rents.”
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