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1704381075 39.Centerfor Responsive Politics, “Defense: Background,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/background.php?cycle=2014&ind=D.
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1704381077 40.American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), “Federal Spending Bills Contain 2,526 R&D Earmarks, AAAS Analysis Finds,” January 8, 2008, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/aaftfsb010808.php.
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1704381079 41.Center for Responsive Politics, “Interest Groups: Lawyers and Lobbyists,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?Ind=K.
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1704381081 42.Several bills have been proposed.One, the Defend Trade Secrets Act sponsored by Senators Chris Coons and Orrin Hatch, has the support of 3M, Abbott, AdvaMed, Boston Scientific, Caterpillar, Corning, DuPont, GE, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Micron, Microsoft, Monsanto, Philips, P&G, and United Technologies.See http://www.coons.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/release/sena
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1704381083 43.It is a tendency also seen in treaties that “harmonize” intellectual property law.
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1704381085 44.Callum Borchers, “DeLeo Plan Would Preserve Tech Noncompetes,” Boston Globe, June 3, 2014; Dennis Keohane, “Mass Legislators Pass on Change to Noncompete Laws,” BetaBoston, July 31, 2014, http://betaboston.com/news/2014/07/31 /mass-legislators-pass-on-change-to-noncompete-laws/.
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1704381087 45.Hathaway and Litan, “Declining Business Dynamism in the United States.”
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1704381089 46.Haltiwanger,Hathaway, and Miranda, “Declining Business Dynamism in the U.S.High-Technology Sector.”
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1704381091 第十四章 大众技能和国家繁荣
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1704381093 1.Comin and Ferrer, “If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere.”
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1704381095 2.Foster and Rosenzweig, “Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.”
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1704381097 3.Diamond, Guns, Gfirms, and Steel.
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1704381099 4.Weber, Protestant Ethic.Weber also saw the Protestant ethic helping the work ethic of ordinary workers.
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1704381101 5.Landes, Wealth and Poverty.
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1704381103 6.Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail.These authors also see the importance of economic incentives affecting ordinary workers, for example, incentives to acquire an education.However, entrepreneurs and inventors are central to their explanation of the link between institutions and technological innovation.
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1704381105 7.Goldin and Sokolo., in “Relative Productivity Hypothesis,” argue that young women were relatively less productive than adult men on the firm.More generally they had few other opportunities to make a living (see Lebergott, “Wage Trends”).
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1704381107 8.Generally, women’s economic equality is correlated with economic development.See Inglehart and Norris, Rising Tide.
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1704381109 9.Rossi, Sex Life.
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1704381111 10.Greif and Iyigun, “Social Organizations.”
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1704381113 11.Acemoglu et al., “Income and Democracy.”
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1704381115 12.Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail.
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1704381117 13.Ezra Klein, “The Doom Loop of Oligarchy,” Vox, April 11, 2014, http://www.vox.com/2014/4/11/5581272/doom-loop-oligarchy.
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1704381119 14.Piketty, Capital, p.422: “Our democratic societies rest on a meritocratic worldview, or at any rate a meritocratic hope, by which I mean a belief in a society in which inequality is based more on merit and effort than on kinship and rents.”
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