1704513980
[8]Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales,SavingCapitalismfromtheCapitalists: Unleashing the Power of Financial Markets to Create Wealth and Spread Opportunity（New York: Crown Business, 2003）.
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1704513982
[9]这里无法全面介绍用专利来测算创新的大量相关文献，我们想提到该领域的若干先驱人物，例如Pierre Azoulay、Ian Cockburn、Zvi Griliches、Bronwyn Hall、Dietmar Harhoff、Adam Jaffe、Jacques Mairesse、Ariel Pakes、Mark Schankerman、Otto Toivanen、Manuel Trajtenberg、Reinhilde Veugelers等，感兴趣的读者可以去他们的网页上深入了解。
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1704513984
[10]U. Akcigit, J. Grigsby, and T. Nicholas,“The Rise of American Ingenuity
:Innovation and Inventors of the Golden Age” （NBER Working Paper No. 23047,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, January 2017）.
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1704513986
[11]人们或许怀疑这一相关性是偶然形成，但在Akcigit、Grigsby和Nicholas的文章“The Rise of American Ingenuity”中，他们从历史数据发现，创新与增长之间确实具有因果关系。
1704513987
1704513988
[12]J. Haltiwanger, R. S. Jarmin, and J. Miranda,“Who Creates Jobs? Small versus Large versus Young,”ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics95, no. 2（2013）
:347 -361.
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1704513990
[13]读者可以参考Steve Davis、John Haltiwanger及其合作者关于企业和就业的创造与破坏的开创性研究文献。See, for example, S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger,“Measuring Gross Worker and Job Flows,” inLaborStatisticsMeasurementIssues,ed. J. Haltiwanger, M. E. Manser, and R. Topel, 77 -122（Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998）; S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger“Gross Job Flows,” inHandbookofLaborEconomics, ed. O. Ashenfelter and D. Card, vol. 3B, 2711 -2805（Amsterdam: Elsevier/ North-Holland, 1999）; Haltiwanger, Jarmin, and Miranda,“Who Creates Jobs?”; R. Decker, J. Haltiwanger, R. Jarmin, and J. Miranda,“The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives28, no. 3（2014）:3 -24;S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger,“Labor Market Fluidity and Economic Performance”（NBER Working Paper No. 20479, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA, September 2014）.
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1704513992
[14]U. Akcigit and W. R. Kerr,“Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy126, no. 4（2018）
:1374 -1443.
1704513993
1704513994
[15]C. T. Hsieh and P. J. Klenow,“The Life Cycle of Plants in India and Mexico,”Quarterly Journal of Economics129, no. 3（2014）
:1035 -1084.
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1704513996
[16]P. Aghion, A. Bergeaud, T. Boppart, and S. Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,”Journal of the European Economic Association16, no. 4（2018）
:933 -956.
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1704513998
[17]A. Maddison,The World Economy:A Millennial Perspective, Development Centre Studies（Paris: OECD, 2001）.
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1704514000
[18]See R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and J. Van Reenen,“Dynamic Count Models of Technological Innovation,”EconomicJournal105, no. 429（1995）
:333 -344;R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and J. Van Reenen,“Market Share, Market Value and Innovation in a Panel of British Manufacturing Firms,”ReviewofEconomicStudies66, no. 3（1999）
:529 -554; and S. J. Nickell, “Competition and Corporate Performance,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy104, no. 4（1996）
:724 -746.
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1704514002
[19]A. Hansen,“Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth,” presidential address, American Economic Association, December 28,1938,AmericanEconomicReview29, no. 1（1939）:1 -15.
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1704514004
[20]L. Summers, presentation at the IMF Economic Forum: Policy Responses to Crises, 14th Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, November 9,2013.
1704514005
1704514006
[21]R. Gordon,TheRiseandFallofAmericanGrowth（Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016）.
1704514007
1704514008
[22]S. Baslandze,“The Role of the IT Revolution in Knowledge Diffusion, Innovation and Reallocation,”2016 Meeting Papers No. 1509, Society for Economic Dynamics, 2016.
1704514009
1704514010
[23]A. B. Atkinson, T. Piketty, and E. Saez,“Top Incomes in the Long Run of History,”JournalofEconomicLiterature49, no. 1（2011）:3 -71; T. Piketty,CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014）.
1704514011
1704514012
[24]P. Aghion, U. Akcigit, A. Bergeaud, R. Blundell, and D. Hémous,“Innovation and Top Income Inequality,”ReviewofEconomicStudies86, no. 1（2019）:1 -45.
1704514013
1704514014
[25]J. Williamson,“What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” inLatinAmericanAdjustment
:HowMuchHasHappened? ed. J. Williamson, vol. 1,90 -120（Washington, DC: Institution for International Economics, 1990）.
1704514015
1704514016
[26]R. Hausmann, D. Rodrik, and A. Velasco,“Growth Diagnostics,” inTheWashington Consensus Reconsidered: Towardsa New Global Governance, ed. N. Serra and E. Stiglitz, 324 -355（Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008）.
1704514017
1704514018
[27]Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales,“The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the 20th Century,”JournalofFinancialEconomics69, no. 1（2003）:5 -50.
1704514019
1704514020
[28]技术前沿是指技术发展的最先进水平，或者说“今天”可用的最高效的生产技术。由于创新的作用，这一前沿显然会随着时间而向前推进。
1704514021
1704514022
[29]D. Acemoglu, P. Aghion, and F. Zilibotti, “Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth,”Journal of the European Economic Association4, no. 1（2006）:37 -74.
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创造性破坏的力量 第2章 起飞之谜
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