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1704513990 [13]读者可以参考Steve Davis、John Haltiwanger及其合作者关于企业和就业的创造与破坏的开创性研究文献。See, for example, S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger,“Measuring Gross Worker and Job Flows,” inLaborStatisticsMeasurementIssues,ed. J. Haltiwanger, M. E. Manser, and R. Topel, 77 -122（Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998）; S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger“Gross Job Flows,” inHandbookofLaborEconomics, ed. O. Ashenfelter and D. Card, vol. 3B, 2711 -2805（Amsterdam: Elsevier/ North-Holland, 1999）; Haltiwanger, Jarmin, and Miranda,“Who Creates Jobs?”; R. Decker, J. Haltiwanger, R. Jarmin, and J. Miranda,“The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives28, no. 3（2014）:3 -24;S. J. Davis and J. Haltiwanger,“Labor Market Fluidity and Economic Performance”（NBER Working Paper No. 20479, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA, September 2014）.

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1704513992 [14]U. Akcigit and W. R. Kerr,“Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy126, no. 4（2018）:1374 -1443.

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1704513994 [15]C. T. Hsieh and P. J. Klenow,“The Life Cycle of Plants in India and Mexico,”Quarterly Journal of Economics129, no. 3（2014）:1035 -1084.

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1704513996 [16]P. Aghion, A. Bergeaud, T. Boppart, and S. Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,”Journal of the European Economic Association16, no. 4（2018）:933 -956.

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1704513998 [17]A. Maddison,The World Economy:A Millennial Perspective, Development Centre Studies（Paris: OECD, 2001）.

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1704514000 [18]See R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and J. Van Reenen,“Dynamic Count Models of Technological Innovation,”EconomicJournal105, no. 429（1995）:333 -344;R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and J. Van Reenen,“Market Share, Market Value and Innovation in a Panel of British Manufacturing Firms,”ReviewofEconomicStudies66, no. 3（1999）:529 -554; and S. J. Nickell, “Competition and Corporate Performance,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy104, no. 4（1996）:724 -746.

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1704514002 [19]A. Hansen,“Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth,” presidential address, American Economic Association, December 28,1938,AmericanEconomicReview29, no. 1（1939）:1 -15.

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1704514004 [20]L. Summers, presentation at the IMF Economic Forum: Policy Responses to Crises, 14th Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, November 9,2013.

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1704514006 [21]R. Gordon,TheRiseandFallofAmericanGrowth（Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016）.

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1704514008 [22]S. Baslandze,“The Role of the IT Revolution in Knowledge Diffusion, Innovation and Reallocation,”2016 Meeting Papers No. 1509, Society for Economic Dynamics, 2016.

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1704514010 [23]A. B. Atkinson, T. Piketty, and E. Saez,“Top Incomes in the Long Run of History,”JournalofEconomicLiterature49, no. 1（2011）:3 -71; T. Piketty,CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014）.

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1704514012 [24]P. Aghion, U. Akcigit, A. Bergeaud, R. Blundell, and D. Hémous,“Innovation and Top Income Inequality,”ReviewofEconomicStudies86, no. 1（2019）:1 -45.

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1704514014 [25]J. Williamson,“What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” inLatinAmericanAdjustment:HowMuchHasHappened? ed. J. Williamson, vol. 1,90 -120（Washington, DC: Institution for International Economics, 1990）.

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1704514016 [26]R. Hausmann, D. Rodrik, and A. Velasco,“Growth Diagnostics,” inTheWashington Consensus Reconsidered: Towardsa New Global Governance, ed. N. Serra and E. Stiglitz, 324 -355（Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008）.

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1704514018 [27]Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales,“The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the 20th Century,”JournalofFinancialEconomics69, no. 1（2003）:5 -50.

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1704514020 [28]技术前沿是指技术发展的最先进水平，或者说“今天”可用的最高效的生产技术。由于创新的作用，这一前沿显然会随着时间而向前推进。

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1704514022 [29]D. Acemoglu, P. Aghion, and F. Zilibotti, “Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth,”Journal of the European Economic Association4, no. 1（2006）:37 -74.

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1704514027 创造性破坏的力量 [:1704513537]

1704514028 创造性破坏的力量第2章起飞之谜

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1704514030 18世纪末兴起的持续且无间断的增长，毫无疑问是经济发展史上第一个标志性事件。在一个增长几近停滞的世界中，突然出现了前所未见的累积式扩张过程，带来人均生活水平的指数式提高。人类在18世纪的生活状况，尤其是住房、营养和公共卫生等方面，是我们今天难以想象的。在当前的发达国家，饥饿或寒冷导致的死亡已几乎绝迹，而19世纪末时仍极为普遍。在17世纪，25%~30%的新生儿会在1岁前夭折，50%活不到20岁。今天欧盟国家的婴儿死亡率则仅有4‰。

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1704514032 如何解释全球GDP与人口在1820年之前的停滞？为什么欧洲自中世纪以来就是许多重大发现的诞生之地，却直到1820年才启动持续的增长？为什么第一次工业革命发生在欧洲，而非其他地方，特别是曾发明轮子与算盘的中国？起飞的发动机是什么，技术进步还是制度进步？我们将尝试在本章解答上述问题，用历史事实和数据来印证不同的增长理论。

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1704514037 创造性破坏的力量 [:1704513538]

1704514038 创造性破坏的力量 1.长期序列数据的启示：安格斯·麦迪森[1]

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