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[21]Anne O. Krueger,Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）; Anne O. Krueger,“Policy Lessons from Development Experience since the Second World War,” inHandbookofDevelopmentEconomics, ed. Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 3B, 2497 -2550（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995）.
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[22]See, for example, Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, and Fabrizio Zilibotti,“Distanceto Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation4, no. 1（2006）; Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Appropriate Growth Policy: A Unifying Framework”（Joseph Schumpeter Lecture）,Journal of the European Economic Association4, no. 2 -3（2006）:269 -314.
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[23]Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole,A TheoryofIncentivesinProcurementandRegulation（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）.
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[24]Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hemous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy124,no. 1（2016）:1 -51.
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[25]Patrick Bolton and Joseph Farrell,“Decentralization, Duplication, and Delay,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy98, no. 4（1990）:803 -826; Rafael Rob,“Learning and Capacity Expansion under Demand Uncertainty,”ReviewofEconomicStudies58, no. 4（1991）:655 -675.
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[26]See Pierre Azoulay, Erica Fuchs, Anna Goldstein, and Michael Kearney,“Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the ‘ ARPA Model,’”Innovation Policy and the Economy19（2019）:69 -96.
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[27]Nathan Nunn and Daniel Trefler,“The Structure of Tariffs and Long-Term Growth,”American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics2, no. 4（2010）:158 -194.
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[28]Philippe Aghion, Jing Cai, Mathias Dewatripont, Luosha Du, Ann Harrison,and Patrick Legros,“Industrial Policy and Competition,”AmericanEconomicJournal:Macroeconomics7, no. 4（2015）:1 -32.
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[29]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, and Simon Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation16, no. 4（2018）:933 -956.
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[30]See Philippe Aghion, Thibault Fally, and Stefano Scarpetta,“Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-Entry Growth of Firms,”EconomicPolicy22,no. 52（2007）:732 -779; Philippe Aghion, John Van Reenen, and Luigi Zingales,“Innovation and Institutional Ownership,”AmericanEconomicReview103, no. 1（2013）:277 -304.
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[31]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, and John Van Reenen,“The Impact of Regulation on Innovation,” unpublished manuscript, December 2019, https: //www. college-de-france. fr/ media/ en-philippe-aghion/ UPL9083408753564555677_The_Impact_of_Regulation_on_Innovation. pdf.
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[32]Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Harun Alp, Nicholas Bloom, and William Kerr,“Innovation, Reallocation, and Growth,”AmericanEconomicReview108,no. 11（2018）:3450 -3491.
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[33]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Gilbert Cette, Remy Lecat, and Hélène Maghin,“The Inverted-U Relationship between Credit Access and Productivity Growth”（Coase Lecture）,Economica86（2019）:1 -31.
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[34]关于竞争政策与产业政策、乃至其他与竞争政策有关内容的相互关系，建议参考Emmanuel Combe,Economie et Politique de la Concurrence（Paris:Dalloz, 2005）.另外可参考近期有关竞争政策的另一本著作Richard J.Gilbert,Innovation Matters:Competition Policy for the High-Technology Economy（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020）.
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创造性破坏的力量 [:1704513554]
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创造性破坏的力量 第5章 创新、不平等与税收
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作为反复出现的公共讨论议题，自安东尼·阿特金森、托马斯·皮凯蒂与伊曼纽尔·赛斯的研究发表后，收入不平等激发了尤为热烈的反响。[1]这几位学者极力呼吁，应关注20世纪80年代以来收入分配最顶层群体获得的收入份额激增现象，即所谓的顶层收入不平等。图5.1显示了美国的情形：收入最高的1%群体在全部收入中所占份额的历史变化。[2]
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图5.1 美国顶层1%群体的收入份额变化
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资料来源：转引自T. Piketty,Capital in the Twenty-First Century（Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2014），图8.6。Copyright ©2014 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College。
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该图提出了一系列问题。第一，我们是否应该主要以顶层1%群体的收入作为不平等的测算指标，是否还有其他同样适用的指标？第二个很快能想到的问题是不平等的来源，尤其是富人的致富途径？创新驱动型增长是否会造成不平等，以及会造成何种类型的不平等？创新与导致不平等的其他来源有何区别？我们是否应该主要依靠税收来增强社会流动性？我们如何能够既加强增长的包容性，又不至于窒息增长？
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这些是本章将探讨的话题。
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