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我们探讨了创新企业起到的社会阶梯的作用，特别是对低技能员工。因此，政府可以鼓励企业创造优质的工作岗位，对员工做有益的职业培训，特别是针对最欠缺技能的员工，以提高社会流动性。
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税收是促进增长及其包容性不可或缺的工具，这既是因为它让政府有财力投资于教育、医疗、研究和基础设施等增长杠杆，也源于政府可通过税收实施财富再分配，并保护人们免受失业、疾病和技能淘汰等异质性风险，以及战争、金融危机和大流行病等宏观经济风险。[26]当然，这一工具必须谨慎使用，除专栏5.2中介绍的税收对社会流动性的短期效应尚未被证实外，过高的税收还可能打击创新，妨碍经济增长。[27]
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最后要提示的一点是，本章没有涉及参与创新活动的不平等问题，尤其是一个人成为创新者的概率在多大程度上取决于其出身，以及父母的收入、教育和职业类型？我们将在第10章回到这个问题，并讨论教育政策与创新政策在发挥增长和社会流动性杠杆作用上的互补性。
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[1]A. B. Atkinson,Inequality
:WhatCanBeDone? （Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015）; A. B. Atkinson, T. Piketty, and E. Saez,“Top Incomes in the Long Run of History,”JournalofEconomicLiterature49, no. 1（2011）
:3 -71; Thomas Piketty,“Income Inequality in France, 1901 -1998,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy111, no. 5（2003）
:1004 -1042; Thomas Piketty,CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014）; Thomas Piketty,CapitalandIdeology（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2020）;T. Piketty and E. Saez,“Income Inequality in the United States, 1913 -1998,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics118, no. 1（2003）
:1 -41; E. Saez and G. Zucman,“Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics131, no. 2（2016）
:519 -578.
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[2]Piketty,Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
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[3]Miles Corak,“Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives27, no. 3（2013）:79 -102.
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[4]Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, and Emmanuel Saez,“Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics129, no. 4（2014）
:1553 -1623.
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[5]Abraham Lincoln,“Discoveries and Inventions,”speech in Jacksonville, Illinois,February 11,1859, quoted in Joel Mokyr,“Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology,” inHandbookofEconomicGrowth, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, vol. 1B, 1113 -1180（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005）. Also see B. Zorina Khan and Kenneth L. Sokoloff,“The Early Development of Intellectual Property Institutions in the United States,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives15,no. 3（2001）
:233 -246.
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[6]这一推测通过美国与芬兰的数据做了检测（参见第10章）。
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[7]Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, and David Hémous,“Innovation and Top Income Inequality,”ReviewofEconomicStudies86, no. 1（2019）:1 -45.
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[8]Charles Jones和Jihee Kim利用创造性破坏范式来解释顶层收入群体的动态不平等。他们认为增长既来自在位企业获得的经验积累，也来自新企业进入带来的创造性破坏。前者会加剧不平等，而后者会减少不平等。参见Charles I. Jones and Jihee Kim,“A Schumpeterian Model of Top Income Inequality,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy126, no. 5（2018）
:1785 -1826.
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[9]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, and Rachel Griffith,“The Innovation Premium to Soft Skills in Low-Skilled Occupations,” unpublished manuscript, 2019.
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[10]Gallup annual survey of Honesty and Ethics in the Professions, 2017, https: //news. gallup. com/ poll/ 1654 / honesty-ethics-professions. aspx.
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[11]Konstantinos Dellis and David Sondermann,“Lobbying in Europe: New Firm Level Evidence,” Working Paper 2071, European Central Bank, June 2017.
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[12]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Francesca Lotti, “Connecting to Power
:Political Connections, Innovation, and Firm Dynamics” （NBER Working Paper No. 25136, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, October 2018）.
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[13]Marianne Bertrand, Matilde Bombardini, and Francesco Trebbi, “Is It Whom You Know or What You Know? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process,”AmericanEconomicReview104, no. 12（2014）
:3885 -3920.
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[14]Brian Kelleher Richter, Krislert Samphantharak, and Jeffrey F. Timmons,“Lobbying and Taxes,”American Journal of Political Science53, no. 4（2009）
:893 -909.
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[15]一个州越靠近x轴的左侧，该州的游说活动越密集。由于不同年份的游说密度不同，同一个州可能在x轴方向上左右移动。
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[16]关于这次不仅影响瑞典而且波及其他三个北欧国家（挪威、芬兰和丹麦）的税制改革的理论基础，可参阅Céline Antonin and Vincent Touzé,“Loi des finances 2018 et fiscalité du capital. Fondements et impact sur les taux marginaux supérieurs,”Revuedel’OFCE161, no. 1（2019）:77 -112.
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[17]Philippe Aghion and Alexandra Roulet,Repenserl’Etat.Pourunesocialdémocratiedel’innovation（Paris: Seuil, in collaboration with La République desidées, 2011）.
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[18]Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, and Amory Gethin,“Why Is Europe Less Unequal Than the United States?” unpublished manuscript, 2020, https: // wid. world/ wp content/ uploads/ 2020/10/ WorldInequalityLab_WP2020_19_Europe-2. pdf.
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[19]尽管如此，近期有批评认为，瑞典在1991年改革之后的某些后续改革中取消了财产税与遗产税，这走得太远了。
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[20]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors,”AmericanEconomicReview106, no. 10（2016）
:2930 -2981.
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[21]这些面板数据让我们能精确追踪法国的个人收入变化轨迹，是公共财政总局（Directorate General of Public Finance）通过安全数据接入中心（Secure Data Access Center, CASD）提供给研究人员的关于所得税的匿名信息。
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[22]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors,”AmericanEconomicReview106, no. 10（2016）
:2930 -2981.
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