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[5]Abraham Lincoln,“Discoveries and Inventions,”speech in Jacksonville, Illinois,February 11,1859, quoted in Joel Mokyr,“Long-Term Economic Growth and the History of Technology,” inHandbookofEconomicGrowth, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, vol. 1B, 1113 -1180（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005）. Also see B. Zorina Khan and Kenneth L. Sokoloff,“The Early Development of Intellectual Property Institutions in the United States,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives15,no. 3（2001）
:233 -246.
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[6]这一推测通过美国与芬兰的数据做了检测（参见第10章）。
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[7]Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, and David Hémous,“Innovation and Top Income Inequality,”ReviewofEconomicStudies86, no. 1（2019）:1 -45.
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[8]Charles Jones和Jihee Kim利用创造性破坏范式来解释顶层收入群体的动态不平等。他们认为增长既来自在位企业获得的经验积累，也来自新企业进入带来的创造性破坏。前者会加剧不平等，而后者会减少不平等。参见Charles I. Jones and Jihee Kim,“A Schumpeterian Model of Top Income Inequality,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy126, no. 5（2018）
:1785 -1826.
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[9]Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, and Rachel Griffith,“The Innovation Premium to Soft Skills in Low-Skilled Occupations,” unpublished manuscript, 2019.
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[10]Gallup annual survey of Honesty and Ethics in the Professions, 2017, https: //news. gallup. com/ poll/ 1654 / honesty-ethics-professions. aspx.
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[11]Konstantinos Dellis and David Sondermann,“Lobbying in Europe: New Firm Level Evidence,” Working Paper 2071, European Central Bank, June 2017.
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[12]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Francesca Lotti, “Connecting to Power
:Political Connections, Innovation, and Firm Dynamics” （NBER Working Paper No. 25136, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, October 2018）.
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[13]Marianne Bertrand, Matilde Bombardini, and Francesco Trebbi, “Is It Whom You Know or What You Know? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process,”AmericanEconomicReview104, no. 12（2014）
:3885 -3920.
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[14]Brian Kelleher Richter, Krislert Samphantharak, and Jeffrey F. Timmons,“Lobbying and Taxes,”American Journal of Political Science53, no. 4（2009）
:893 -909.
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[15]一个州越靠近x轴的左侧，该州的游说活动越密集。由于不同年份的游说密度不同，同一个州可能在x轴方向上左右移动。
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[16]关于这次不仅影响瑞典而且波及其他三个北欧国家（挪威、芬兰和丹麦）的税制改革的理论基础，可参阅Céline Antonin and Vincent Touzé,“Loi des finances 2018 et fiscalité du capital. Fondements et impact sur les taux marginaux supérieurs,”Revuedel’OFCE161, no. 1（2019）:77 -112.
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[17]Philippe Aghion and Alexandra Roulet,Repenserl’Etat.Pourunesocialdémocratiedel’innovation（Paris: Seuil, in collaboration with La République desidées, 2011）.
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[18]Thomas Blanchet, Lucas Chancel, and Amory Gethin,“Why Is Europe Less Unequal Than the United States?” unpublished manuscript, 2020, https: // wid. world/ wp content/ uploads/ 2020/10/ WorldInequalityLab_WP2020_19_Europe-2. pdf.
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[19]尽管如此，近期有批评认为，瑞典在1991年改革之后的某些后续改革中取消了财产税与遗产税，这走得太远了。
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[20]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors,”AmericanEconomicReview106, no. 10（2016）
:2930 -2981.
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[21]这些面板数据让我们能精确追踪法国的个人收入变化轨迹，是公共财政总局（Directorate General of Public Finance）通过安全数据接入中心（Secure Data Access Center, CASD）提供给研究人员的关于所得税的匿名信息。
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[22]Ufuk Akcigit, Salomé Baslandze, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Taxation and the International Mobility of Inventors,”AmericanEconomicReview106, no. 10（2016）
:2930 -2981.
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[23]Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Taxation and Innovation in the 20th Century”（NBER Working Paper No. 24982, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, September 2018）.
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[24]Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Julia Cagé, and William R. Kerr,“Taxation,Corruption, and Growth,”EuropeanEconomicReview86（2016）:24 -51.
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[25]对于增长、腐败和税收收入等变量，该研究均采用5个子时期的平均值，对47个州与4个子时期做了回归。
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[26]参见本书第10章、第11章和第14章。
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[27]Philippe Aghion, Vlad Ciornohuz, Maxime Gravoueille, and Stefanie Stantcheva,“Reforms and Dynamics of Income: Evidence Using New Panel Data,” unpublished manuscript, July 1,2019, https: // www. college-de-france. fr/ media/ philippe aghion/ UPL8158439681301526632_Tax_Reforms. pdf.
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