1704516172 [1]Simon Kuznets,“Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections” （Nobel Lecture, December 11,1971）,AmericanEconomicReview63, no. 3（1973）:247 -258.

1704516173

1704516174 [2]Simon Alder, Timo Boppart, and Andreas Müller,“A Theory of Structural Change That Can Fit the Data,” CEPR Discussion Paper No. 13469, Center for Economic Policy Research, London, January 2019.

1704516175

1704516176 [3]Berthold Herrendorf, Richard Rogerson, and Akos Valentinyi, “Growth and Structural Transformation,” inHandbookofEconomicGrowth, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, vol. 2,855 -941（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014）.

1704516177

1704516178 [4]Nicholas Kaldor,“Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth,” inTheTheoryofCapital, ed. F. A. Lutz and D. C. Hague（New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961）.

1704516179

1704516180 [5]Nicholas Kaldor,“Alternative Theories of Distribution,”ReviewofEconomicStudies23, no. 2（1955）:83 -100.

1704516181

1704516182 [6]Thomas Piketty,CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014）.

1704516183

1704516184 [7]不过在第6章中，我们曾指出美国的劳动收入份额自21世纪初以后下降，表明卡尔多事实在过去20年的美国不那么严格成立。

1704516185

1704516186 [8]Timo Boppart,“Structural Change and the Kaldor Facts in a Growth Model with Relative Price Effects and Non-Gorman Preferences,”Econometrica82, no. 6（2014）:2167 -2196.

1704516187

1704516188 [9]波帕特采用了美国的两个数据来源: the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Consumer Expenditure Survey.

1704516189

1704516190 [10]这一定律最早由述William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen提出规范描述，参见William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen,“On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Economic Problems,”AmericanEconomicReview55, no. 1 /2（1965）:495 -502.也可参见William J. Baumol, “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of the Urban Crisis,”AmericaEconomicReview57, no. 3（1967）:419 -420.

1704516191

1704516192 [11]Baumol and Bowen,“On the Performing Arts.”

1704516193

1704516194 [12]Ernst Engel,“Die Productions und Consumtionsverhältnisse des Königreichs Sachsen,”Zeitschrift des Statistischen Büreaus des Königlich-Sächsischen Ministeriums des Innern8（1857）:1 -54.

1704516195

1704516196 [13]需求侧在分析结构变革中的重要性，参见Diego A. Comin, Danial Lashkari,and Martí Mestieri,“Structural Change with Long-Run Income and Price Effects”（NBER Working Paper No. 21595, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA, September 2015, rev. April 2020）.

1704516197

1704516198 [14]关于市场规模对创新的影响，参见Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn,“Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics119, no. 3（2004）:1049 -1090; and Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc J. Melitz,“The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports” （NBER Working Paper No. 24600, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge,MA, May 2018, rev. October 2019）.创新和技术革新可以定向的概念最早参见如下研究: Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Research and Development in the Growth Process,”JournalofEconomicGrowth1, no. 1（1996）:49 -93.之后又得到若干发展: Daron Acemoglu及其合作者，尤其是Daron Acemoglu,“Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics113, no. 4（1998）:1055 -1089; Daron Acemoglu,“Directed Technical Change,”ReviewofEconomicStudies69, no. 4（2002）:781 -809; Daron Acemoglu,“Equilibrium Bias of Technology,”Econometrica75, no. 5（2007）:1371 -1409.还可参见Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo,“The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,”AmericanEconomicReview108, no. 6（2018）:1488 -1542.

1704516199

1704516200 [15]Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,TheEconomicsofGrowth（Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2008）.

1704516201

1704516202 [16]Acemoglu,“Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills?”

1704516203

1704516204 [17]See, for example, David Popp,“Induced Innovation and Energy Prices,”AmericanEconomicReview92, no. 1（2002）:160 -180; Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hémous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy124, no. 1（2016）:1 -51.

1704516205

1704516206 [18]本节内容基于如下研究: Timo Boppart and Franziska J. Weiss,“Non-Homothetic Preferences and Industry Directed Technical Change,” unpublished manuscript,June 2013; Acemoglu and Restrepo,“The Race between Man and Machine.”

1704516207

1704516208 [19]Philippe Aghion, Benjamin F. Jones, and Charles I. Jones,“Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth,” inThe Economics of Artificial Intelligence:An Agenda,ed. Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb（Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019）.

1704516209

1704516210 [20]Joseph Stiglitz,“From Resource Curse to Blessing,”ProjectSyndicate, August 6,2012.

1704516211

1704516212 [21]2010年美元价值。

1704516213

1704516214 [22]我们这里采用阿西莫格鲁和罗宾逊的术语，参见Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson,Why Nations Fail:The Origins of Power,Prosperity and Poverty（New York: Crown, 2012）,529.他们指出，包容性制度（inclusive institutions）鼓励创业和创新，而攫取性制度（extractive institutions）打击创新和私人企业，对产权保护不力，教育体系缺乏效率。

1704516215

1704516216 [23]Friedrich List,Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie（Stuttgart: Cotta,1841）.

1704516217

1704516218 [24]需要注意，李斯特主张的是暂时而非永久性的保护主义。一旦本国企业成熟到足以面对外国竞争，就应该对自由贸易开放。李斯特认为，自由贸易只有在经济成熟度相似的国家之间才是可接受的。

1704516219

1704516220 [25]Tianyu Fan, Michael Peters, and Fabrizio Zilibotti, “Service-Led or Service Biased Growth? Equilibrium Development Accounting across Indian Districts,”unpublished manuscript, August 2020.

1704516221

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.704516172e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]