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[5]Nicholas Kaldor,“Alternative Theories of Distribution,”ReviewofEconomicStudies23, no. 2（1955）:83 -100.
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[6]Thomas Piketty,CapitalintheTwenty-FirstCentury（Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014）.
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[7]不过在第6章中，我们曾指出美国的劳动收入份额自21世纪初以后下降，表明卡尔多事实在过去20年的美国不那么严格成立。
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[8]Timo Boppart,“Structural Change and the Kaldor Facts in a Growth Model with Relative Price Effects and Non-Gorman Preferences,”Econometrica82, no. 6（2014）
:2167 -2196.
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[9]波帕特采用了美国的两个数据来源: the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Consumer Expenditure Survey.
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[10]这一定律最早由述William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen提出规范描述，参见William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen,“On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Economic Problems,”AmericanEconomicReview55, no. 1 /2（1965）
:495 -502.也可参见William J. Baumol, “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of the Urban Crisis,”AmericaEconomicReview57, no. 3（1967）
:419 -420.
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[11]Baumol and Bowen,“On the Performing Arts.”
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[12]Ernst Engel,“Die Productions und Consumtionsverhältnisse des Königreichs Sachsen,”Zeitschrift des Statistischen Büreaus des Königlich-Sächsischen Ministeriums des Innern8（1857）:1 -54.
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[13]需求侧在分析结构变革中的重要性，参见Diego A. Comin, Danial Lashkari,and Martí Mestieri,“Structural Change with Long-Run Income and Price Effects”（NBER Working Paper No. 21595, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA, September 2015, rev. April 2020）.
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[14]关于市场规模对创新的影响，参见Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn,“Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics119, no. 3（2004）
:1049 -1090; and Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc J. Melitz,“The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports” （NBER Working Paper No. 24600, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge,MA, May 2018, rev. October 2019）.创新和技术革新可以定向的概念最早参见如下研究: Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Research and Development in the Growth Process,”JournalofEconomicGrowth1, no. 1（1996）
:49 -93.之后又得到若干发展: Daron Acemoglu及其合作者，尤其是Daron Acemoglu,“Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics113, no. 4（1998）
:1055 -1089; Daron Acemoglu,“Directed Technical Change,”ReviewofEconomicStudies69, no. 4（2002）
:781 -809; Daron Acemoglu,“Equilibrium Bias of Technology,”Econometrica75, no. 5（2007）
:1371 -1409.还可参见Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo,“The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,”AmericanEconomicReview108, no. 6（2018）
:1488 -1542.
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[15]Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,TheEconomicsofGrowth（Cambridge, MA
:MIT Press, 2008）.
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[16]Acemoglu,“Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills?”
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[17]See, for example, David Popp,“Induced Innovation and Energy Prices,”AmericanEconomicReview92, no. 1（2002）
:160 -180; Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hémous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy124, no. 1（2016）
:1 -51.
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[18]本节内容基于如下研究: Timo Boppart and Franziska J. Weiss,“Non-Homothetic Preferences and Industry Directed Technical Change,” unpublished manuscript,June 2013; Acemoglu and Restrepo,“The Race between Man and Machine.”
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[19]Philippe Aghion, Benjamin F. Jones, and Charles I. Jones,“Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth,” inThe Economics of Artificial Intelligence:An Agenda,ed. Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb（Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019）.
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[20]Joseph Stiglitz,“From Resource Curse to Blessing,”ProjectSyndicate, August 6,2012.
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[21]2010年美元价值。
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[22]我们这里采用阿西莫格鲁和罗宾逊的术语，参见Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson,Why Nations Fail
:The Origins of Power,Prosperity and Poverty（New York: Crown, 2012）,529.他们指出，包容性制度（inclusive institutions）鼓励创业和创新，而攫取性制度（extractive institutions）打击创新和私人企业，对产权保护不力，教育体系缺乏效率。
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[23]Friedrich List,Das nationale System der politischen Ökonomie（Stuttgart: Cotta,1841）.
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[24]需要注意，李斯特主张的是暂时而非永久性的保护主义。一旦本国企业成熟到足以面对外国竞争，就应该对自由贸易开放。李斯特认为，自由贸易只有在经济成熟度相似的国家之间才是可接受的。
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[25]Tianyu Fan, Michael Peters, and Fabrizio Zilibotti, “Service-Led or Service Biased Growth? Equilibrium Development Accounting across Indian Districts,”unpublished manuscript, August 2020.
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[26]Dani Rodrik,“Normalizing Industrial Policy,” Working Paper no. 3, Commissionon Growth and Development, 2008.
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创造性破坏的力量 第9章 绿色创新与可持续增长
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