1704518114
[18]La Porta et al.,“Judicial Checks and Balances.”
1704518115
1704518116
[19]Daniel R. Pinello,“Linking Party to Judicial Ideology in American Courts: A Meta-Analysis,”JusticeSystemJournal20, no. 3(1999)
:219 -254.
1704518117
1704518118
[20]Arnaud Philippe and Aurélie Ouss,“‘No Hatred or Malice, Fear or Affection’
:Media and Sentencing,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy126, no. 5(2018)
:2134 -2178.
1704518119
1704518120
[21]Ioana Marinescu,“Are Judges Sensitive to Economic Conditions? Evidence from UK Employment Tribunals,”Industrial and Labour Relations Review64, no. 4(2011)
:673 -698.
1704518121
1704518122
[22]Daniel L. Chen, Tobias J. Moskowitz, and Kelly Shue,“Decision Making under the Gambler’s Fallacy: Evidence from Asylum Judges, Loan Officers, and Baseball Umpires,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics131, no. 3(2016)
:1181 -1242.
1704518123
1704518124
[23]Daniel L. Chen and Jess Eagel,“Can Machine Learning Help Predict the Outcome of Asylum Adjudications?”Proceedings of the Sixteenth InternationalConferenceon Artificial Intelligence and Law(2017)
:237 -240; Daniel L. Chen,“AI and Rule of Law: Machine Learning, Causal Inference, and Judicial Analytics,” course at the Toulouse School of Economics, 2019.
1704518125
1704518126
[24]Ozkan Eren and Naci Mocan,“Emotional Judges and Unlucky Juveniles,”American Economic Journal
:Applied Economics10, no. 3(2018)
:171 -205;Daniel L. Chen and Arnaud Philippe,“Clash of Norms: Judicial Leniency on Defendant Birthdays,” unpublished manuscript, February 2020, https: //papers. ssrn. com/ sol3 / papers. cfm? abstract_id = 3203624.
1704518127
1704518128
[25]Jon Kleinberg, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Jure Leskovec, Jens Ludwig, and Sendhil Mullainathan,“Human Decisions and Machine Predictions,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics133, no. 1(2018)
:237 -293.
1704518129
1704518130
[26]计算机或者说算法也可能有偏向性,这方面的研究文献日益增多。依靠机器学习的算法包含了人类法官的偏向性,他们的决策是机器学习行为的基础。可参见Cathy O’Neil,WeaponsofMathDestruction(New York: Broadway Books, 2016)。
1704518131
1704518132
[27]Samuel Bowles and Wendy Carlin,“Shrinking Capitalism,”AEAPapersandProceedings110(2020)
:372 -377.
1704518133
1704518135
1704518136
[29]关于政府与民间社会的必要的互补性,参见Monique Canto-Sperber,LaFin des libertés. Ou comment refonder le libéralisme(Paris: Robert Laffont, 2019).
1704518137
1704518138
[30]阿西莫格鲁与罗宾逊的TheNarrowCorridor用“缺位利维坦”来描述无政府社会。他们以尼日利亚的Tiv社群为例,描述民间社会取消政府的情形。该社群建立了一套社会习俗和惩罚体系,以防止任何人将其意指强加于他人。
1704518139
1704518140
[31]Aghion和Bolton利用不完备合同的概念,发展出了基于借款人和贷款人的控制权及其分配的公司债务融资理论。参见Philippe Aghion and Patrick Bolton,“An Incomplete Contracts Approach to Financial Contracting,”ReviewofEconomicStudies59, no. 3(1992)
:473 -494.
1704518141
1704518142
[32]Samuel Bowles and Wendy Carlin,“The Coming Battle for the COVID-19 Narrative,”VOXeu, April 10,2020.
1704518143
1704518144
[33]政府可以用竞争政策来改变竞争力度,用教育和宣传政策来影响社会价值观,从而鼓励这种机制的作用。
1704518145
1704518146
[34]Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson,“Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective,”Quarterly Journal of Economics115, no. 4(2000)
:1167 -1199.
1704518147
1704518148
[35]组织理论中已经采用过把转移控制权作为承诺信号工具的思想,可参见Philippe Aghion and Jean Tirole,“Formal and Real Authority in Organizations,”Journal of Political Economy105, no. 1(1997):1 -29.
1704518149
1704518150
[36]Toke S. Aidt and Peter S. Jensen,“Workers of the World, Unite! Franchise Extensions and the Threat of Revolution in Europe, 1820 -1938,”EuropeanEconomicReview72(2014):52 -75.
1704518151
1704518152
[37]例如,1830年法国革命(光荣三日);1848年的法国、奥地利、匈牙利和意大利革命(民族之春);俄国十月革命也是当时的若干重大革命事件之一。
1704518153
1704518154
[38]在此之前,宪法规定只能在法律通过前做合宪审查。
1704518155
1704518156
[39]这场运动的名称强调要超越传统政党,创立新的党派,无疑为选举胜利发挥了决定性推动作用。马克龙的当选还得益于当时的有利条件,特别是左右两翼提名的初选候选人的定位都比较极端化,同时右翼初选获胜者François Fillon诉讼缠身。
1704518157
1704518158
[40]这些名为“马克龙法律”的法规于2017年9月22日签署生效,限制了滥用解雇的损失赔偿金额,确立了企业内部劳资谈判的优先地位。
1704518159
1704518160
[41]以这种程序制定的法规被称为法令(ordonnances)。当然,这一过程中议会并没有完全缺位,而是有两次表决。第一次是通过法律,授权政府在特定领域颁布法令。第二次是修订这些法令。不过议会的作用受到了严重限制,不仅是因为议员们难以修订已经生效的法令,也由于拒绝批准法令会引发不信任投票,导致他们自己的辞职和重新举行选举。
1704518161
1704518162
1704518163
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704518114e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]