1704534130
1704534131
Laxness, H. (1935), Independent People, New York: Vintage.
1704534132
1704534133
Rust, J. (1987), “Optimal Replacement of GMC Bus Engines: An Empirical Model of Harold Zurcher,” Econometrica, 55 (5), 999–1033.
1704534134
1704534135
Sargent, T. J. (1993), Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics, New York: Oxford University Press.
1704534136
1704534137
结语 复杂的经济需要复杂经济学
1704534138
1704534139
P. Anderson, K. J. Arrow, D. Pines, Eds., The Economy as an Evolving ComplexSystem (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1988).
1704534140
1704534141
W. B. Arthur, S. N. Durlauf, D. A. Lane, Eds., The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1997).
1704534142
1704534143
W. B. Arthur, Sci. Am. 262, 92 (1990).
1704534144
1704534145
W. B. Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Ml, 1994).
1704534146
1704534147
I have avoided exact definitions of “complexity” and “complex systems.” Technically, the systems I have described are referred to as adaptive nonlinear networks (J. H. Holland’s term), and typically if they exhibit certain properties that have to do with the multiplicity of potential patterns or with the coherence or propagation of substructures, they are said to be “complex.” Definitions vary widely.
1704534148
1704534149
A. Marshall, Principles of Economics (Macmillan, London, ed. 8, 1920), p. 459.
1704534150
1704534151
E. Helpman and P. R. Krugman, Market Structure and Foreign Trade (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985).
1704534152
1704534153
W. B. Arthur, Econ. J. 99, 116 (1989).
1704534154
1704534155
W. B. Arthur, Math. Soc. Sci. 19, 235 (1990); P. R. Krugman, J. Polit. Econ. 99,483 (1991); in (2), p. 239; Geography and Trade (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991).
1704534156
1704534157
S. N. Durlauf, in (2), p. 81; J. Econ. Growth 1, 75 (1996).
1704534158
1704534159
W. B. Arthur, Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 406 (1994).
1704534160
1704534161
J. Casti, Complexity 1 (no. 5), 7 (1995/96); N. Johnson et al., Physica A 256, 230(1998); D. Challet and Y. -C. Zhang, ibid. 246, 407 (1997); ibid. 256, 514 (1998).
1704534162
1704534163
R. E. Lucas, Econometrica 46, 1429 (1978).
1704534164
1704534165
W. B. Arthur, J. H. Holland, B. LeBaron, R. Palmer, Paul Tayler, in (2), p. 15; W.B. Arthur, Complexity 1 (no. 1), 20 (1995).
1704534166
1704534167
See K. Lindgren’s classic paper in Artificial Life II, C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, S. Rasmussen, Eds. (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1991), p. 295; H. P. Young, Econometrica 61, 57 (1993); L. E. Blume, in (2), p. 425; B. A. Huberman and N. S. Glance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 7716 (1993).
1704534168
1704534169
R. Marimon, E. McGrattan, T. J. Sargent, J. Econ. Dyn. Control 14, 329 (1990);M. Shubik, in (2), p. 263; W. A. Brock and P. de Lima, in Handbook of Statistic 12: Finance, G. S. Maddala, H. Rao, H. Vinod, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1995).
1704534170
1704534171
T. J. Sargent, Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993); D. A. Lane and R. Maxfield, in (2), p. 169; V. M. Darley and S. A. Kauffman,in (2), p. 45.
1704534172
1704534173
D. C. North, in (2), p. 223.
1704534174
1704534175
Y. M. loannides, in (2), p. 129; A. Kirman, in (2), p. 491; L. Tesfatsion, in (2), p.533.
1704534176
1704534177
P. Bak, K. Chen, J. Scheinkman, M. Woodford, Ric. Econ. 47, 3 (1993); A. Leijonhufvud, in (2), p. 321.
1704534178
1704534179
R. Axelrod, Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 80, 1095 (1986); K. Kollman, J. H. Miller, S. E. Page, in (2), p. 461.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70453413e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]