打字猴:1.704544262e+09
1704544262 用这样的方法可以深入研究中国在20世纪80年代实行的中央向地方放权和财政包干制对地方政府行为和它们所管辖的地方经济的影响。一方面,众所周知,财政包干制加剧地方保护主义,伴随中央财政收入下降等问题。但另一方面,它给予地方政府很高的边际财政留成率。实证研究发现,在实行财政包干制期间,地方政府的边际财政留成率越高,其财政激励就越高,它们的自身利益与本地的经济繁荣就越紧密地结合在一起,它们表现出更愿意帮助和支持而不是阻止和扼杀本地有活力的非国有经济,结果本地的非国有经济发展越快。这与20世纪90年代俄国的情况形成鲜明对比。由于俄国的地方政府的财税收入与本地的经济发展几乎不挂钩,地方政府没有财政激励发展本地区经济,相反却不断骚扰、掠夺新兴的私有经济。俄国地方政府的这一行为被认为是阻碍新兴私有经济发展的重要原因。(4)
1704544263
1704544264 这一例子说明了即使是研究那些中国改革中特有的问题,也可以借用现代经济学中为研究其他问题而发展出来的分析工具。反过来,不仅转轨经济和中国改革的现状为现代经济学的研究提供了有意思的素材和经验数据,而且运用现代经济学的方法研究转轨和中国改革还丰富和发展了现代经济学。由于政府行为及其对经济的影响是转轨经济中最突出的和最受关注的问题,也是经济发展中带有普遍性的深层次问题,对这一问题的研究自然而然地成为近年来转轨经济学的一个核心内容。而转轨经济学的这一研究也影响和刺激了经济学其他领域的研究。它对发展经济学有直接的影响——毕竟在制度环境方面发展中经济与转轨经济有相似之处——比如推动了研究政府行为与民营经济发展的关系。它还引发了20世纪90年代形成的一些新的经济学(包括金融)的研究热点,比如比较世界范围内(包括发达国家)的财政体制、法律体系和金融监管体制并分析它们对政府行为、企业融资和经济表现的影响,而这些都不是以往研究的焦点。由此看出,对转轨经济和对中国改革的研究的确也会为现代经济学的发展作出贡献。
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