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我们可以得出结论,经济学家们不应该把灯塔作为只能由政府提供服务的例子。但本文不准备解决灯塔服务应该怎样组织和筹资的问題,这需要更仔细的研究。同时,本文希望探讨对于由政府提供的服务,经济学家应该举出一个比灯塔
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更有说服力的例子。
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1 “The Lighthouse in the Economics”,原载 The Journal of Law and Ecomics 17, no. 2(Octo – ber 1974): 357 – 76. © by The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved. 本篇由吴伟卿译,陈郁、盛洪校。
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2 John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, vol.3 of The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. J. M. Robson(Toronto
:University of Toronto Press, 1965), 968.
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3 Henry Sidgwick, The Principles of Political Economy , 3rd ed. (London : Macmillan & Co . ,1901), 406. 在第1版种(1883),有关灯塔的词句相同,而其余的词句(不是意思)有些变化。
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4 A. C. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, 4th ed.(London
:Macmil – lan & Co. ,1932), 183 – 184.
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5 P. A. Samuelson, Econmics: An Introductory Analysis , 6th ed.(New York : McGraw – Hill ,1964). 所有来源于萨缪尔森《经济学》的文献均引自第6版。
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6 Samuelson, Economics, 159.
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7 同上书,151.
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8 请于注释1穆勒书中第862 – 863页关于使用费的论述作比较。
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9 61 & 62 Vict. Ch. 44, sched. 2.
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10 G. G. Harris, Trinity House of Deptforg 1515 – 1660(London: Athlone Press, 1969), 19 – 20. 我有关领港公会早期历史的简述大都根据这一著作,特别是 ch. 7,”Beacons, Markes and Signes for the Sea” and ch. 8,”An Uncertaine Light”.
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11 同上书,153.
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12 同上书,161.
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13 同上书,183 – 187.
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14 同上书,180 – 181.
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15 同上书,187.
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16 D. Alan Stevenson, The World’s Lighthouses Before 1820 (London: Oxford University Press,1959), 259.
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17 G. G. Harris, Trinity House, 214.
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18 同上书,264.
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19 D. Alan Stevenson, World’s Lighthouses,113.
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20 D. Alan Stevenson, World’s Lighthouses,113.
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21 Samuel Smiles, Lives of the Engineers , vol. 2(London: J. Murray, 1861), 16.
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22 建造和重建伊迪斯通灯塔的叙述,请参阅 Stevenson, World’s Lighthouses, 113 – 126.
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23 见 Report from the Select Committee on Lighthouses, in Parl. Pa – pers Sess. 1834, VOL. 12, at vi (Reports from Committees, vol. 8 – 以下简称“1834 Report”).
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