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20 D. S. Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 7.
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21 前工业时代的反抗案例，参见第一章。关于英国政府开始支持创新者的原因的讨论，参见第三章。
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22 引自E. Brynjolfsson, 2012, Race Against the Machine (MIT lecture), slide 2, http://ilp.mit.edu/images/conferences/2012/IT/Brynjolfsson.pdf。
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23 Bruce Stokes, 2017, “Public Divided on Prospects for Next Generation,” Pew Research Center Spring 2017 Global Attitudes Survey, June 5, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/05/2-public-divided-on-prospects-for-the-next-generation/.
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24 R. Chetty et al., 2017, “The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940,” Science 356 (6336): 398-406.
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25 更多消失不见的中等收入工作岗位，参见第九章。
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26 更多工作岗位消失的社区，参见第十章。
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27 C. B. Frey, T. Berger, and C. Chen, 2018, “Political Machinery: Did Robots Swing the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election?,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34 (3): 418-42。关于自动化如何提高了欧洲民族主义政党和激进右翼政党的受支持程度的内容，参见M. Anelli, I. Colantone, and P. Stanig, 2018, “We Were the Robots: Automation in Manufacturing and Voting Behavior in Western Europe” (working paper, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy)。
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28 E. Hoffer, 1965, “Automation Is Here to Liberate Us,” New York Times, October 24.
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29 “Danzig Bars New Machinery Except on Official Permit,” 1933, New York Times, March 14.
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30 引自“Nazis to Curb Machines as Substitutes for Men,” 1933, New York Times, August 6。
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31 P. R. Krugman, 1995, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations (New York: Norton), 56.
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32 关于使能技术和取代技术的变革，参见H. Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry” (Working Paper 27, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA), 27-31。
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33 出处同上，65。
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34 D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, 2018a, “Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work” (Working Paper 24196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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35 出处同上。
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36 J. Bessen, 2015, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), chapter 6.
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37 Schumpeter, [1942] 1976, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 85.
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38 引自D. Akst, 2013, “What Can We Learn from Past Anxiety over Automation?,” Wilson Quarterly, Summer, https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/summer-2014-where-have-all-the-jobs-gone/theres-much-learn-from-past-anxiety-over-automation/。
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39 引自J. Mokyr, 2001, “The Rise and Fall of the Factory System: Technology, firms, and households since the Industrial Revolution,” in Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55 (1): 20。
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40 Ibsen. H., 1919, Pillars of Society (Boston: Walter H. Baker & Co.), https://archive.org/details/pillarsofsocietyooibse/page/36.
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41 帝国直到1727年才开始采用印刷机。即使在19世纪晚期，奥斯曼帝国的书籍也主要是由抄写员抄写的。我们研究识字率的地区差异时发现，长期没有印刷机的后果非常明显。1800年奥斯曼帝国的人口识字率为2%—3%，相比之下，英国成年男性识字率为60%，成年女性识字率为40%。（D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty [New York: Crown Business], 207-8）
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42 出处同上，80。
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43 关于统治阶级阻挠取代技术的行为，参见第一章和第三章。
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44 J. Mokyr, 2002, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 232.
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