打字猴:1.70460225e+09
1704602250  30  引自“Nazis to Curb Machines as Substitutes for Men,” 1933, New York Times, August 6。
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1704602252  31  P. R. Krugman, 1995, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in the Age of Diminished Expectations (New York: Norton), 56.
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1704602254  32  关于使能技术和取代技术的变革,参见H. Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry” (Working Paper 27, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA), 27-31。
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1704602256  33  出处同上,65。
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1704602258  34  D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, 2018a, “Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work” (Working Paper 24196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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1704602260  35  出处同上。
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1704602262  36  J. Bessen, 2015, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), chapter 6.
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1704602264  37  Schumpeter, [1942] 1976, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 85.
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1704602266  38  引自D. Akst, 2013, “What Can We Learn from Past Anxiety over Automation?,” Wilson Quarterly, Summer, https://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/summer-2014-where-have-all-the-jobs-gone/theres-much-learn-from-past-anxiety-over-automation/。
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1704602268  39  引自J. Mokyr, 2001, “The Rise and Fall of the Factory System: Technology, firms, and households since the Industrial Revolution,” in Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 55 (1): 20。
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1704602270  40  Ibsen. H., 1919, Pillars of Society (Boston: Walter H. Baker & Co.), https://archive.org/details/pillarsofsocietyooibse/page/36.
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1704602272  41  帝国直到1727年才开始采用印刷机。即使在19世纪晚期,奥斯曼帝国的书籍也主要是由抄写员抄写的。我们研究识字率的地区差异时发现,长期没有印刷机的后果非常明显。1800年奥斯曼帝国的人口识字率为2%—3%,相比之下,英国成年男性识字率为60%,成年女性识字率为40%。(D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty [New York: Crown Business], 207-8)
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1704602274  42  出处同上,80。
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1704602276  43  关于统治阶级阻挠取代技术的行为,参见第一章和第三章。
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1704602278  44  J. Mokyr, 2002, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 232.
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1704602280  45  J. Mokyr, 1992b, “Technological Inertia in Economic History,” Journal of Economic History 52 (2): 331-32.
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1704602282  46  D. S. Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 8.
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1704602284  47  引自C. Curtis, 1983, “Machines vs. Workers,” New York Times, February 8。
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1704602286  48  P. H. Lindert and J. G. Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 194.
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1704602291 技术陷阱:从工业革命到AI时代,技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 [:1704601972]
1704602292 技术陷阱:从工业革命到AI时代,技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 第一部分 大停滞
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1704602294 任何工匠都不应想出、设计出任何新发明或利用这种发明。出于公民和兄弟般的爱,每一个人都应该效仿他的亲人和邻居,在不伤害他人手艺的前提下实践自己的手艺。
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1704602296 ——波兰国王齐格蒙特一世
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1704602298 在1800年统治世界的农业经济中,不平等现象盛行。少数人占有的财富让大众的微薄分配相形见绌。简·奥斯汀可能在用瓷杯盛茶时记录下精致的对话。但对大多数英国人来说,1813年他们的生活并没有比他们非洲大草原上赤裸的祖先更好。特权阶层人很少,穷人很多。
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