1704602427
1704602428
仪器时代的到来带来了重要的溢出效应，仪器商店成了科学家、手工匠、业余爱好者们集会的场所，在传播新思想、促进科学与技术的交流中发挥了重要作用。卡德韦尔认为：“有充足的记录表明，到了1700年现代技术的基础已被奠定。18世纪结束前，‘技术’一词已经问世，而‘发明家’一词也已开始有了如今我们所理解的那种意思。” 94 然而，这就更难解释为什么工业革命没有早点发生了。
1704602429
1704602430
注释
1704602431
1704602432
1 B. Russell, 1946, History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (New York: Simon & Schuster), 25.
1704602433
1704602434
2 P. Bairoch, 1991, Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) 17-18.
1704602435
1704602436
3 D. R. Headrick, 2009, Technology: A World History (New York: Oxford University Press), 32-33.
1704602437
1704602438
4 D. Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets: A History of Technology (New York: Norton), 16-17.
1704602439
1704602440
5 P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 189.
1704602441
1704602442
6 引自F. Klemm, 1964, A History of Western Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 51。
1704602443
1704602444
7 早期的记载表明古代文明没有很多重大的技术进步，参见M. I. Finley, 1965, “Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World,” Economic History Review 18 (1): 29-45；1973, The Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press) ；H. Hodges, 1970, Technology in the Ancient World (New York: Barnes & Noble) ； D. Lee, 1973, “Science, Philosophy, and Technology in the Greco-Roman World: I,” Greece and Rome 20 (1): 65-78。但最近有学者指出，这些记载低估了古代文明的技术成就，参见K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press)；J. Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press)；Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets; K. Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)。
1704602445
1704602446
8 Finley, 1973, The Ancient Economy.
1704602447
1704602448
9 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
1704602449
1704602450
10 Harper, 2017, The Fate of Rome, 1.
1704602451
1704602452
11 然而，这些技术中很大一部分都是从巴比伦或古埃及等早期文明中借来的。
1704602453
1704602454
12 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 20.
1704602455
1704602456
13 萨莫斯高架渠是此类高架渠中的第一座，它是由希腊工程师梅加拉的尤帕林纳斯于公元前600年建造的。
1704602457
1704602458
14 Mokyr, 1992a. The Lever of Riches, 20.
1704602459
1704602460
15 R. J. Forbes, 1958, Man: The Maker (New York: Abelard-Schuman), 73.
1704602461
1704602462
16 H. Heaton, 1936, Economic History of Europe (New York: Harper and Brothers), 58.
1704602463
1704602464
17 K. D. White, 1984, Greek and Roman Technology.
1704602465
1704602466
18 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 27.
1704602467
1704602468
19 A. C. Leighton, 1972, Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles Publishers).
1704602469
1704602470
20 关于阿基米德对伽利略的工作的重要性，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 83。
1704602471
1704602472
21 J. G. Landels, 2000, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley: University of California Press), 201.
1704602473
1704602474
22 Price, D. de S., 1975, Science Since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 48.
1704602475
1704602476
23 B. Gille, 1986, History of Techniques, vol. 2: Techniques and Sciences (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers). See also Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 194.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704602427e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]