1704602532
51 关于集市和时钟，参见Boerner and Severgnini, 2015, “Time for Growth”。
1704602533
1704602534
52 17世纪后期以来钟表制造业的生产率有了显著的提高，但这个行业规模很小，参见M. Kelly and C. Ó Gráda, 2016, “Adam Smith, Watch Prices, and the Industrial Revolution,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131 (4): 1727-52。
1704602535
1704602536
53 关于书籍的价格，参见J. Van Zanden, 2004, “Common Workmen, Philosophers and the Birth of the European Knowledge Economy” (paper for Global Economic History Network Conference, Leiden, September 16-18)。
1704602537
1704602538
54 Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 55.
1704602539
1704602540
55 关于出版的书籍数量，出处同上，49。
1704602541
1704602542
56 G. Clark, 2001. “The Secret History of the Industrial Revolution” (Working paper, University of California, Davis), 60.
1704602543
1704602544
57 J. E. Dittmar, 2011, “Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (3): 1133-72.
1704602545
1704602546
58 引自F. J. Swetz, 1987, Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Math of the 15th Century (La Salle, IL: Open Court), 20。
1704602547
1704602548
59 Dittmar, 2011, “Information Technology and Economic Change,” 1140.
1704602549
1704602550
60 引自W. Endrei and W. v. Stromer, 1974, “Textiltechnische und hydraulische Erfindungen und ihre Innovatoren in Mitteleuropa im 14./15. Jahrhundert,” Technikgeschichte 41
:90。也参见 S. Ogilvie, 2019, The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 390。
1704602551
1704602552
61 S. Füssel, 2005, Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate).
1704602553
1704602554
62 U. Neddermeyer, 1997, “Why Were There No Riots of the Scribes?,” Gazette du Livre Médiéval 31 (1): 1-8.
1704602555
1704602556
63 出处同上，7。
1704602557
1704602558
64 出处同上，8。
1704602559
1704602560
65 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 57.
1704602561
1704602562
66 引自B. Gille, 1969, “The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries in the Western World,” in A History of Technology and Invention: Progress through the Ages, ed. M. Daumas and trans. E. B. Hennessy (New York: Crown), 2
:135-36。
1704602563
1704602564
67 关于阿格里科拉、宗卡和德雷贝尔，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, chapter 4。
1704602565
1704602566
68 出处同上，58。
1704602567
1704602568
69 关于蒸汽引擎，参见R. C. Allen, 2009a, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chapter 7。
1704602569
1704602570
70 F. Reuleaux, 1876, Kinematics of Machinery: Outlines of a Theory of Machines, trans. A.B.W. Kennedy (London: Macmillan), 9.
1704602571
1704602572
71 关于伽利略的力学理论，参见 D. Cardwell, 1972, Turning Points in Western Technology: A Study of Technology, Science and History (New York: Science History Publications)。
1704602573
1704602574
72 关于机器制造者，参见Cardwell, 2001, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets, 44。
1704602575
1704602576
73 在地下运输方面，人们引进了由马牵引的踏车。
1704602577
1704602578
74 关于采矿业、新畜牧业以及播种机的进展，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, chapter 4。
1704602579
1704602580
75 起毛机取代工人带来的影响，参见A. Randall, 1991, Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 120。
1704602581
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704602532e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]