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注释
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1 G. Clark, 2008. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 39.
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2 引文来源出处同上。
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3 D. Cannadine, 1977, “The Landowner as Millionaire: The Finances of the Dukes of Devonshire, c.1800-c.1926,” Agricultural History Review 25 (2): 77-97.
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4 P. H. Lindert, 2000b, “When Did Inequality Rise in Britain and America?,” Journal of Income Distribution 9 (1): 11-25.
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5 H. A. Taine, 1958, Notes on England, 1860-1870, trans. E. Hyams (London: Strahan), 181. See also Cannadine, 1977, “The Landowner as Millionaire.”
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6 参见P. H. Lindert, 1986, “Unequal English Wealth since 1670,” Journal of Political Economy 94 (6): 1127-62。
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7 T. Piketty, 2014, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), figure 3.1.
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8 参见 C. Boix, and F. Rosenbluth, 2014, “Bones of Contention: The Political Economy of Height Inequality,” American Political Science Review 108 (1): 1-22。
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9 J. Diamond, 1987, “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race,” Discover, May 1, 64-66.
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10 参见J. J. Rousseau, [1755] 1999, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press) 。
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11 参见P. Eveleth and J. M. Tanner, 1976, Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, Cambridge Studies in Biological & Evolutionary Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 。
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12 G. J. Armelagos and M. N. Cohen, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (Orlando, FL: Academic Press).
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13 C. S. Larsen, 1995, “Biological Changes in Human Populations with Agriculture,” Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1): 185-213.
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14 A. Mummert, E. Esche, J. Robinson, and G. J. Armelagos, 2011. “Stature and Robusticity During the Agricultural Transition: Evidence from the Bioarchaeological Record,” Economics and Human Biology 9 (3): 284-301.
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15 Larsen, 1995, “Biological Changes in Human Populations with Agriculture.”
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16 K. Marx and F. Engels, [1848] 1967, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Samuel Moore (London: Penguin), 55.
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17 关于人口压力，参见E. Boserup, 1965. The Condition of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (London: Allen and Unwin)。
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18 J. Diamond, 1987, “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race.”
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19 M. L. Bacci, 2017, A Concise History of World Population (London: John Wiley and Sons).
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20 1—1500年，越来越高的土地生产率似乎对人口密度产生了显著影响，但对生活水平的影响并不明显，参见Q. Ashraf and O. Galor, 2011, “Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch,” American Economic Review 101 (5): 2003-41。
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21 概述参见J. Mokyr and H. J. Voth, 2010, “Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700–1870: Theory and Evidence,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe, ed. S. Broadberry and K. O’Rourke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1
:7-42。
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22 O. Galor and D. N. Weil, 2000, “Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond,” American Economic Review 90 (4): 806-28; G. Clark, 2008, A Farewell to Alms.
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23 比如，Ronald Lee和Michael Anderson对“1500年后的世界仍是马尔萨斯型的”这一观点表示怀疑，他们认为生育率或死亡率的长期变化几乎无法用工资模型来解释。（2002, “Malthus in State Space: Macroeconomic-Demographic Relations in English History, 1540–1870,” Journal of Population Economics 15 [2]: 195-220） Esteban Nicolini 还发现1650年后生育的影响力在很大程度上减弱了。（2007, “Was Malthus Right? A VAR Analysis of Economic and Demographic Interactions in Pre-Industrial England,” European Review of Economic History 11 [1]: 99-121）
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24 Alessandro Nuvolari和Mattia Ricci估测了英国的人均国内生产总值，发现1250—1580年是马尔萨斯时期，这段时期没有出现正增长。但是在1580—1780年，当马尔萨斯陷阱的限制开始松懈，正增长就出现了。（Nuvolari and Ricci, 2013, “Economic Growth in England, 1250-1850: Some New Estimates Using a Demand Side Approach,” Rivista di Storia Economica 29 [1]: 31-54. ）
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