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随着从政界和司法部门得到的支持越来越少，当手工业行会成员的工作受到新技术的威胁时，他们就会诉诸暴力手段。这些暴力行为包括暴乱、游行示威和蓄意破坏。这些活动在19世纪之交的时候变得更加频繁，最终在1811—1816年的卢德主义暴乱中达到高潮。这些暴力行为与其说是力量的象征，不如说是没落的行会体制在做垂死挣扎。……这就是正在发生的事情。行会阻挠省力技术引进的行动变得越来越无力，英国进入由工业化主导的时代，逃离马尔萨斯陷阱也只是时间问题。 59
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只有当统治精英们开始支持发明家后，英国工业的机械化进程才能开始。
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注释
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1 关于前工业世界熊彼特型增长和斯密型增长的对比，参见J. Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York: Oxford University Press)。
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2 J. A. Schumpeter, 1939, Business Cycles (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1
:161-74.
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3 T. Malthus, [1798] 2013, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Digireads.com, 279, Kindle.
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4 H. J. Habakkuk, 1962, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for Labour Saving Inventions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 22.
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5 S. Lilley, 1966, Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress (Paris: International Publishers).
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6 捷克语中的robota意味着农奴必须在主人的土地上从事强迫性劳动。这个词源自rab，意思是奴隶。
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7 A. Young, 1772, Political Essays Concerning the Present State of the British Empire (London: printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell).
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8 关于廉价劳动力和机械化，参见R. Hornbeck and S. Naidu, 2014, “When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South,” American Economic Review 104 (3): 963-90。
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9 R. C. Allen, 2009a, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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10 罗伯特·艾伦同意经济学家约翰·哈巴卡克爵士（John Habakkuk）的观点，即战前美国劳动力的稀缺和土地资源的丰饶带来了高工资，这种现象反过来促进了用机器取代工人的风潮。（1962, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century）
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11 爱德华·安东尼·里格利（Edward Anthony Wrigley）也认为，工业革命期间的生产率迅速上升是由于英国工人拥有丰富的煤炭资源。他认为从有机经济（organic economy）向高能经济（energy-rich economy）的转变是工业革命的核心。（2010, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]）
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12 纺纱工人订正后的工资，参见J. Humphries and B. Schneider, forthcoming, “Spinning the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review。还有一些证据表明1650—1800间英国的实际工资比此前更低，参见J. Z. Stephenson, 2018, “‘Real’ Wages? Contractors, Workers, and Pay in London Building Trades, 1650-1800,” Economic History Review 71 (1): 106-32。
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13 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 151.
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14 J. Diamond, 1998, Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years (New York: Random House), chapter 13.
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15 关于阻碍供给端创新的详细总结，参见Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, chapter 7。
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16 J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850 (London: Penguin), Kindle.
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17 M. Weber, 1927, General Economic History (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books).
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18 B. Russell, 1946, History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (New York: Simon & Schuster), 110.
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19 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 196.
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20 L. White, 1967, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” Science 155 (3767): 1205.
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21 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 203.
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22 Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy, introduction.
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