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37 引自P. Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, trans. M. Vernon (London: Routledge), 135。
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38 出处同上，134。
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39 出处同上，30—31。
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40 引自D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (New York: Crown Business), 219。
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41 出处同上，221。
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42 “Machinery Causes a Riot,” 1895, New York Times, November 25.
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43 Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 197.
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44 A. Randall, 1991, Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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45 按照Francis Aiden Hibbert的归类，新的行业不在《技工学徒期条例》（Apprenticeship Act of the Statute of Artificers）的规定范围内，这说明它们的存在削弱了行会的影响力。（1891, The Influence and Development of English Guilds [New York: Sentry], 129）
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46 K. Desmet, A. Greif, and S. Parente, 2018, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions: The Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence” (Working Paper 24727, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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47 C. MacLeod, 1998. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 160.
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48 H. B. Morse, 1909, The Guilds of China (London: Longmans, Green and Co.), 1.
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49 引自Desmet, Greif, and Parente, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions,” 37-38。
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50 出处同上，38。
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51 出处同上，39。
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52 Mokyr, 1992a, The Lever of Riches, 257.
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53 引自 Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, 403。
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54 J. Horn, 2008, The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750-1839 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) chapter 4, Kindle.
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55 参见E. P. Thompson, 1963, The Making Of The English Working Class (London: Gollancz, Vintage Books) 。
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56 关于法国的机器暴乱，参见J. Horn, 2008, The Path Not Taken, chap. 4。
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57 出处同上，8。
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58 F. Machlup, 1962, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 166.
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59 Desmet, Greif, and Parente, 2018, “Spatial Competition, Innovation and Institutions,” 15-16.
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