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4 关于家庭生产体系，出处同上，54—61。
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5 关于工厂崛起是一次技术事件的详细说明，参见J. Mokyr, 2001, “The Rise and Fall of the Factory System: Technology, Firms, and Households since the Industrial Revolution,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 55(1): 1-45。
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6 M. W. Flinn, 1962, Men of Iron: The Crowleys in the Early Iron Industry (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), 252.
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7 关于棉纱制造，参见R. C. Allen, 2009a, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chapter 8, Kindle。
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8 Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, 234.
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9 就在亚当·斯密的《国富论》出版的同一年，英国开始了它最终成为一个真正的富裕国家的工业历程。
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10 引自Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, 213。
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11 出处同上，14。
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12 关于阿克莱特的发明节省的劳动力，参见Allen, 2009a, The British Industrial Revolution, chapter 8。
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13 R. C. Allen, 2009d, “The Industrial Revolution in Miniature: The Spinning Jenny in Britain, France, and India,” Journal of Economic History 69 (4): 901-27.
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14 J. Humphries, 2013, “The Lure of Aggregates and the Pitfalls of the Patriarchal Perspective: A Critique of the High Wage Economy Interpretation of the British Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review 66 (3): 709.
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15 Ure, 1835, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 23.
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16 关于贫民学徒，参见J. Humphries, 2010, Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 246。
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17 Humphries, 2013, “The Lure of Aggregates and the Pitfalls of the Patriarchal Perspective,” 710.
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18 Mantoux, 1961, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, 241-44.
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19 J. Bessen, 2015, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 75。虽然贝森的预测参照的是美国的工厂，但动力织机在英国也发挥了类似的省力作用。
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20 K. Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling (New York: Gateway), chapter 15, section 1, Kindle.
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21 和萨弗里一样，瓦特设想了蒸汽引擎的多种应用。他在1784年获得的专利表明蒸汽引擎并不是为特定目的而设计的，用马克思的话来说就是“普遍适用于机械工业的中介”（出处同上）。他在专利文件中列出来的一些应用也许必须等待一段时间才能最终得到实际运用，例如蒸汽锤在半个世纪后出现，其他应用甚至超出了他预想的用途。虽然有人怀疑蒸汽在航运中的应用，但博尔顿和瓦特公司在1851年的万国工业博览会上展示了安装在远洋轮船上的蒸汽机，此时瓦特离世已有三十年。
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22 G. N. Von Tunzelmann, 1978, Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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23 J. Kanefsky and J. Robey, 1980, “Steam Engines in 18th-Century Britain: A Quantitative Assessment,” Technology and Culture 21 (2): 161-86.
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24 N. F. Crafts, 2004, “Steam as a General Purpose Technology: A Growth Accounting Perspective,” Economic Journal 114 (495): 338-51.
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25 J. Hoppit, 2008, “Political Power and British Economic Life, 1650-1870,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol. 1, Industrialisation, 1700-1870, ed. R. Floud, J. Humphries, and P. Johnson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 370-71.
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26 J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1850 (London: Penguin), chapter 10, Kindle.
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27 T. Leunig, 2006, “Time Is Money: A Re-Assessment of the Passenger Social Savings from Victorian British Railways,” Journal of Economic History 66 (3): 635-73.
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28 关于达比家族和科尔布鲁克戴尔钢铁公司，参见 Allen, 2009a,The British Industrial Revolution, chapter 9。
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