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7 关于产量趋势，参见N. F. Crafts and C. K. Harley, 1992, “Output Growth and the British Industrial Revolution: A Restatement of the Crafts-Harley View,” Economic History Review 45 (4): 703-30。
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8 C. H. Feinstein, 1998, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History 58 (3): 625-58；R. C. Allen, 2009b, “Engels’ Pause: Technical Change, Capital Accumulation, and Inequality in the British Industrial Revolution,” Explorations in Economic History 46 (4): 418-35。按照古拉里·克拉克关于实际工资的预测，直到19世纪20年代，人们的实际工资才超过18世纪中期的水平。（2005, “The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1209–2004,” Journal of Political Economy, 113 [6] 1307-40）克拉克认为，1820年以后实际工资的上升速度比艾伦或范斯坦预测的要更快，但他的观点与我们从消费和身高数据以及当代的记载中了解到的情况不一致。
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9 关于工时，参见H. Voth, 2000, Time and Work in England 1750–1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press)。
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10 关于利润率，参见Allen, 2009b, “Engels’ Pause”。
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11 关于前5%的人群的收入份额，参见 P. H. Lindert, 2000b, “When Did Inequality Rise in Britain and America?” ，Journal of Income Distribution 9 (1): 11-25。
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12 G. Clark, M. Huberman, and P. H. Lindert, 1995, “A British Food Puzzle, 1770–1850,” Economic History Review 48 (2): 215-37。但如前所述，最近的研究表明这种情况并不令人困惑，因为实际工资停滞不前，低收入群体的工资甚至下降了。
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13 S. Horrell, 1996, “Home Demand and British Industrialisation,” Journal of Economic History 56 (September): 561-604.
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14 R. H. Steckel, 2008, “Biological Measures of the Standard of Living,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 22 (1): 129-52。罗伯特·福格尔（Robert Fogel）首次提出可以使用身高数据来估算生活标准的观点。［1983, “Scientific History and Traditional History,” in Which Road to the Past?, ed. R. W. Fogel and G. R. Elton (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 5-70.］
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15 R. C. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, 1990, Height, Health, and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom, 1750–1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chapter 4; J. Komlos, 1998, “Shrinking in a Growing Economy? The Mystery of Physical Stature during the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History 58 (3): 779-802.
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16 关于环境与贫穷的观点，参见J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850 (London: Penguin), chapter 10, Kindle。
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17 参见J. G. Williamson, 2002, Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 。
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18 S. Szreter and G. Mooney, 1998, “Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities,” Economic History Review 51 (1): 84-112.
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19 J. Komlos and B. A’Hearn, 2017, “Hidden Negative Aspects of Industrialization at the Onset of Modern Economic Growth in the US,” Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 41 (June): 43.
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20 F. M. Eden, 1797, The State of the Poor; or, An History of the Labouring Classes in England (London: B. and J. White), 3
:848.
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21 D. Ricardo, [1817] 1911, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Repr., London: Dent).
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22 例如，让—巴蒂斯特·赛（Jean-Baptiste Say）就认为省力技术减少了成本，进而降低了价格，让需求增加了。这意味着被取代的工人重回工作岗位只是时间问题。尽管后来李嘉图重新评估了他提出的模型，但他和马尔萨斯、恩格斯一样，仍不相信工业化在长期能提高实际工资。
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23 E. C. Gaskell, 1884, Mary Barton (London: Chapman and Hall), 104.
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24 参见K. Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling (New York: Gateway), chapter 15, section 4, Kindle; C. Dickens, [1854] 2017, Hard Times (Amazon Classics), chapter 5, Kindle。
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25 凯—沙特尔沃斯认为，“引擎运转的时候，人们必须工作。男人、女人以及儿童被钢铁和蒸汽束缚着……操作员们必须坚持不懈地劳动，要和机械动力那数学般精确的精度、不间断的运转以及不知疲倦做斗争”。（1832, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester,Manchester: Harrisons & Crosfield）
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26 关于工厂以及对工厂的不满，参见P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, Its Moral, Social, and Physical Conditions (London: Baldwin and Cradock), 16。
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27 Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus, 2.
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28 P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, 12 and 341.
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29 Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, chapter 15, section 5.
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30 C. Babbage, 1832, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 266-67.
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31 A. Ure, 1835, The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 220.
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