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注释
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1 引自G. Tucker, 1837, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States: With Parts of His Correspondence Never Before Published, and Notices of His Opinions on Questions of Civil Government, National Policy, and Constitutional Law (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Blanchard), 2
:226。
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2 A. de Tocqueville, 1840, Democracy in America, trans. H. Reeve (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 2
:191.
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3 E. W. Byrn, 1900, The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Munn and Company), 1.
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4 R. J. Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 150.
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5 D. Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), 307.
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6 出处同上。
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7 引自B. Bryson, 2010, At Home: A Short History of Private Life (Toronto: Doubleday Canada), 29。
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8 N. Rosenberg, 1963, “Technological Change in the Machine Tool Industry, 1840-1910,” Journal of Economic History 23 (4): 414-43.
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9 引自D. Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 19。
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10 出处同上，17—19。
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11 出处同上，233。
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12 关于电力和工作条件，参见D. E. Nye, 1990, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 232。
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13 引自T. C. Martin, 1905, “Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies,” in Census of Manufactures, 1905 (Washington, DC: United States Bureau of the Census), 170。
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14 P. A. David and G. Wright, 1999, Early Twentieth Century Productivity Growth Dynamics: An Inquiry into the Economic History of Our Ignorance (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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15 E. Clark, 1925, “Giant Power Transforming America’s Life,” New York Times, February 22.
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16 出处同上。
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17 V. Smil, 2005, Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact (New York: Oxford University Press), 53.
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18 Nye, 1990, Electrifying America, 232.
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19 P. A. David, 1990, “The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox,” American Economic Review 80 (2): 355-61.
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20 W. D. Devine Jr., 1983, “From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification,” Journal of Economic History 43 (2): 347-72.
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21 H. Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry” (Working Paper 27, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA), 48.
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22 D. E. Nye, 2013, America’s Assembly Line (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 23.
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23 F. C. Mills, 1934, introduction to “Mechanization in Industry,” by H. Jerome (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research), xxi.
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24 Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry,” 104-5.
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