1704603723
1704603724
42 V. E. Giuliano, 1982, “The Mechanization of Office Work,” Scientific American 247 (3): 148-65.
1704603725
1704603726
43 关于“粉领”的概念，参见A. J. Cherlin, 2013, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 119。
1704603727
1704603728
44 A. J. Field, 2007, “The Origins of US Total Factor Productivity Growth in the Golden Age,” Cliometrica 1 (1): 89。也可参见A. J. Field, 2011, A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press) 。
1704603729
1704603730
45 G. P. Mom and D. A. Kirsch, 2001, “Technologies in Tension: Horses, Electric Trucks, and the Motorization of American Cities, 1900–1925,” Technology and Culture 42 (3): 489-518.
1704603731
1704603732
46 Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 227.
1704603733
1704603734
47 在1850—1880年，80%的费城居民仍靠步行上班。
1704603735
1704603736
48 Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 56-57.
1704603737
1704603738
49 这一期刊的第一期出版时，汽车行业的重要性还微不足道，甚至不足以在人口普查时的一个标题下单列出来。
1704603739
1704603740
50 G. Norcliffe, 2001, The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
1704603741
1704603742
51 M. Twain, 1835, “Taming the Bicycle,” The University of Adelaide Library, last updated March 27, 2016, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/mark/what_is_man/chapter15.html.
1704603743
1704603744
52 R. H. Merriam, 1905, “Bicycles and Tricycles,” in Census of Manufactures, 1905 (Washington, DC: United States Bureau of the Census), 289.
1704603745
1704603746
53 比如戴姆勒就曾把小型气冷马达安装在自行车上。
1704603747
1704603748
54 引自Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 214。
1704603749
1704603750
55 Martin, 1905, “Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies,” 20.
1704603751
1704603752
56 引自Hounshell, 1985, From the American System to Mass Production, 214。
1704603753
1704603754
57 K. Kaitz, 1998, “American Roads, Roadside America,” Geographical Review 88 (3): 372.
1704603755
1704603756
58 关于美国的汽车和基础设施，参见Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 156-59。
1704603757
1704603758
59 出处同上，167。
1704603759
1704603760
60 用拉尔夫·爱泼斯坦的话来说，“人们有时说汽车造就了良好的道路，有时又说良好的道路建设促进了汽车业的巨大发展，这两种说法其实都是对的。和经济问题一样，因果关系不断交互产生作用”。（1928, The Automobile Industry [Chicago: Shaw], 17）
1704603761
1704603762
61 J. J. Flink, 1988, The Automobile Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 33.
1704603763
1704603764
62 关于经济学和T型车的推广，参见Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 165。
1704603765
1704603766
63 Epstein, 1928, The Automobile Industry, 16.
1704603767
1704603768
64 韦恩·拉斯穆森写道：“总的来说蒸汽机最适合用于谷物脱粒，它的发动机太笨重了，不适合其他大多数农业工作。农用蒸汽机的生产高峰出现在1913年，当时生产了一万台。”（1982, “The Mechanization of Agriculture,” Scientific American 247 [3]: 82）
1704603769
1704603770
65 关于拖拉机的推广，参见R. E. Manuelli and A. Seshadri, 2014, “Frictionless Technology Diffusion: The Case of Tractors,” American Economic Review 104 (4): 1368-91。
1704603771
1704603772
66 W. J. White, 2001, “An Unsung Hero: The Farm Tractor’s Contribution to Twentieth-Century United States Economic Growth” (PhD diss., Ohio State University).
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704603723e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]