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41 关于热门行业的就业，参见J. Bessen, 2018, “Automation and Jobs: When Technology Boosts Employment” (Law and Economics Paper 17–09, Boston University School of Law)。
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42 一家主要的收音机和电视机制造商在生产电视接收机时采用了新机器，导致工资上涨。由于工作条件的不同和工作职责的增加，新岗位设定的工资比非熟练装配工人的工资高5%—15%。一家使用节省劳动力技术的电气设备制造商同样创造了收入更高的新工作。参见Rothberg, 1960, “Adjustment to Automation in Two Firms,” 80。
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43 R. H. Day, 1967, “The Economics of Technological Change and the Demise of the Sharecropper,” American Economic Review 57 (3): 427–49.
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44 引自W. D. Rasmussen, 1982, “The Mechanization of Agriculture,” Scientific American 247 (3): 87。
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45 关于城市工资的上涨和农村人口的外流，参见W. Peterson and Y. Kislev, 1986, “The Cotton Harvester in Retrospect: Labor Displacement or Replacement?,”Journal of Economic History 46 (1): 199–216。
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46 R. Hornbeck and S. Naidu, 2014, “When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South,” American Economic Review 104 (3): 963–90.
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47 Rasmussen, 1982, “The Mechanization of Agriculture,” 83.
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48 出处同上，84。
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49 关于密西西比河洪灾，参见Hornbeck and Naidu, 2014, “When the Levee Breaks”。
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50 关于大迁徙，参见 W. J. Collins and M. H. Wanamaker, 2015, “The Great Migration in Black and White: New Evidence on the Selection and Sorting of Southern Migrants,” Journal of Economic History 75 (4): 947–92。
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51 “Motors on the Farms Replace Hired Labor,” 1919, New York Times, October 26.
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52 N. Kaldor, 1957, “A Model of Economic Growth,” Economic Journal 67 (268): 591–624.
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53 P. H. Lindert and J. G. Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality Since 1700 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 194.
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54 R. M. Solow, 1956, “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1): 65–94; S. Kuznets, 1955, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review 45 (1): 1–28; Kaldor, 1957, “A Model of Economic Growth.”
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55 Kuznets, 1955, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality.”
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56 Lindert and Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains.
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57 A. de Tocqueville, 1840, Democracy in America, trans. H. Reeve (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 2
:646.
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58 引自Lindert and Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains, 117。
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59 M. Twain and C. D. Warner, [1873] 2001, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (New York: Penguin).
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60 H. J. Raymond, 1859, “Your Money or Your Line,” New York Times, February 9.
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61 M. Klein, 2007, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 133–34.
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62 Lindert and Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains, tables 5–8 and 5–9.
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63 L. F. Katz and R. A. Margo, 2013, “Technical Change and the Relative Demand for Skilled Labor: The United States in Historical Perspective” (Working Paper 18752, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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64 Lindert and Williamson, 2016, Unequal Gains, table 7–2.
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65 I. Fisher, 1919, “Economists in Public Service: Annual Address of the President,” American Economic Review 9 (1): 10 and 16.
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