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注释
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1 P. F. Drucker, 1965, “Automation Is Not the Villain,” New York Times, January 10.
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2 D. A. Grier, 2005, When Humans Were Computers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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3 关于抵押保险商，参见F. Levy and R. J. Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 17–19。
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4 H. Braverman, 1998, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, 25th anniversary ed. (New York: New York University Press), 49.
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5 N. Wiener, 1988, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (New York: Perseus Books Group).
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6 D. H. Autor and D. Dorn, 2013, “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market,” American Economic Review 103 (5): 1553–97; M. Goos, A. Manning, and A. Salomons, 2014, “Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring,” American Economic Review 104 (8): 2509–26, and 2009, “Job Polarization in Europe,” American Economic Review 99 (2): 58–63; M. A. Goos and A. Manning, 2007, “Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain,” Review of Economics and Statistics 89 (1): 118–33.
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7 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 3.
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8 W. D. Nordhaus, 2007, “Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing,” Journal of Economic History 67 (1): 128–59.
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9 J. S. Tompkins, 1958, “Cost of Automation Discourages Stores,” New York Times, January 26.
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10 1971年第一个微处理器的发明为1981年IBM个人电脑的出现铺平了道路。诺德豪斯通过计算认为，计算机问世以后计算成本实现了最大幅度的下降。
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11 O. Friedrich, 1983, “The Computer Moves In (Machine of the Year),” Time, January 3, 15.
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12 K. Flamm, 1988, “The Changing Pattern of Industrial Robot Use,” in The Impact of Technological Change on Employment and Economic Growth, ed. R. M. Cyert and D. C. Mowery (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company), tables 7–1 and 7–6.
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13 E. B. Jakubauskas, 1960, “Adjustment to an Automatic Airline Reservation System,” in Impact of Automation: A Collection of 20 Articles about Technological Change, from the Monthly Labor Review (Washington: Bureau of Labor Statistics), 94.
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14 出处同上。
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15 引自Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 4。
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16 出处同上。
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17 D. H. Autor, 2015, “Polanyi’s Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth,” in Reevaluating Labor Market Dynamics (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City), 129–177.
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18 M. Polanyi, 1966, The Tacit Dimension (New York: Doubleday), 4.
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19 迈克尔·克雷默（Michael Kremer）的O环理论（O-ring production function）认为，在某个事物的生产过程中，一项任务的改进会导致其他任务价值的增长。（1993, “The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 [3]: 551–75）
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20 Levy and Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor, 13–14.
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21 R. Reich, 1991, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for Twenty-First Century Capitalism (New York: Knopf).
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22 E. L. Glaeser, 2013, review of The New Geography of Jobs, by Enrico Moretti, Journal of Economic Literature 51 (3): 827.
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23 H. Moravec, 1988, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 15.
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24 1980—2005年，服务行业的工时占比增长了30%。相比之下在20世纪80年代计算机革命前的30年里，这一比例保持不变或下降了。（D. H. Autor and Dorn, 2013, “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market”）
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