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13 出处同上。
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14 引自Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 64。
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15 关于庇护主义，参见Fukuyama, 2014, Political Order and Political Decay, chapter 9。
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16 R. Oestreicher, 1988, “Urban Working-Class Political Behavior and Theories of American Electoral Politics, 1870–1940,” Journal of American History 74 (4): 1257–86.
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17 Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 187.
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18 R. D. Putnam, 2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster), 7.
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19 R. J. Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 503.
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20 R. A. Dahl, 1961, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 1.
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21 N. McCarty, K. T. Poole, and H. Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 2.
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22 L. M. Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1.
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23 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Social Expenditure—Aggregated Data,” accessed December 22, 2018, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG.
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24 McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America, 4.
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25 出处同上。
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26 Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, 2.
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27 出处同上，209。
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28 M. Geewax, 2005, “Minimum Wage Odyssey: A Yearlong View from Capitol Hill and a Small Ohio Town,” Trenton Times, November 27.
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29 Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, chapter 7.
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30 G. Lordan and D. Neumark, 2018, “People versus Machines: The Impact of Minimum Wages on Automatable Jobs,” Labour Economics 52 ( June): 40–53.
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31 A. J. Cherlin, 2013, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 93 and 143.
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32 R. D. Putnam, 2004, in Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, ed. R. D. Putnam (New York: Oxford University Press).
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33 H. S. Farber, D. Herbst, I. Kuziemko, and S. Naidu, 2018, “Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data (Working Paper 24587, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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34 T. Piketty, 2018, “Brahmin Left vs. Merchant Right: Rising Inequality and the Changing Structure of Political Conflict,” (working paper, Paris School of Economics).
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35 关于跨地区的政治两极化，参见D. S. Massey, J. Rothwell, and T. Domina, 2009, “The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626 (1): 74–90。
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36 A. Goldstein, 2018, Janesville: An American Story (New York: Simon & Schuster), 26–27.
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37 出处同上。
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