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44 过去四十年的数据表明，移民并不是非技术劳动者工资停滞或下降的罪魁祸首，不论在全国范围还是在具体地区都是如此。相反，有证据表明移民可能有助于避免未受大学教育的工人工资进一步下降，参见 G. Peri, 2018, “Did Immigration Contribute to Wage Stagnation of Unskilled Workers?,” Research in Economics 72 (2): 356–65。研究表明移民不会排挤本地工人，反而增加了就业，还提高了生产率。移民对非技术型本地工人工资的影响几乎为零，参见 G. Peri, 2012, “The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence from US States,” Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (1): 348–58。
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45 R. Chetty, N. Hendren, P. Kline, and E. Saez, 2014, “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (4): 1553–623.
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46 温和的共和党和民主党立法者都被赶出了国会：2002—2010年间两党温和派的总比例从57%下降至37%。参见D. H. Autor, D. Dorn, G. Hanson, and K. Majlesi, 2016a, “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure” (Working Paper 22637, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
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47 D. H. Autor, D. Dorn, G. Hanson, and K. Majlesi, 2016b, “A Note on the Effect of Rising Trade Exposure on the 2016 Presidential Election,” appendix to “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure” (Working Paper 22637, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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48 D. Rodrik, 2016, “Premature Deindustrialization,” Journal of Economic Growth 21 (1): 1–33; World Bank Group, 2016, World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications).
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49 关于抵押贷款补贴抵消技术变革的影响，参见R. G. Rajan, 2011, Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) 。
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50 K. K. Charles, E. Hurst, and M. J. Notowidigdo, 2016, “The Masking of the Decline in Manufacturing Employment by the Housing Bubble,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 30 (2): 179–200.
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51 Goldstein, 2018, Janesville, 290.
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52 T. Gibbons-Nef, 2017, “Feeling Forgotten by Obama, People in This Ohio Town Look to Trump with Cautious Hope,” Washington Post, January 22.
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53 引自“Want to Understand Why Trump Has Rural America Feeling Hopeful? Listen to This Ohio Town,” 2017, Washington Post, May 11。
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54 出处同上。
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55 C. B. Frey, T. Berger, and C. Chen, 2018, “Political Machinery: Did Robots Swing the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election?,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34 (3): 418–42.
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56 T. Aidt, G. Leon, and M. Satchell, 2017, “The Social Dynamics of Riots: Evidence from the Captain Swing Riots, 1830–31” (Working paper, Cambridge University), 4.
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57 出处同上。
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58 D. Rodrik, 2017a, “Populism and the Economics of Globalization” (Working Paper 23559, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA), 21.
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59 D. Rodrik, 2017b, Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 116.
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60 出处同上，122。
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61 出处同上。
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62 出处同上，260。
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63 引自A. Oppenheimer, 2018, “Las Vegas Hotel Workers vs. Robots Is a Sign of Looming Labor Challenges,” Miami Herald, June 1。
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64 J. Gramlich, 2017, “Most Americans Would Favor Policies to Limit Job and Wage Losses Caused by Automation,” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/09/most-americans-would-favor-policies-to-limit-job-and-wage-losses-caused-by-automation/.
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65 Acemoglu and Robinson2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective.”
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66 出处同上，117。
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67 M. Berg, 1976, “The Machinery Question,” PhD diss., University of Oxford, 76.
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68 引自W. Broad, 1984, “U.S. Factories Reach into the Future,” New York Times, March 13。
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