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63 引自A. Oppenheimer, 2018, “Las Vegas Hotel Workers vs. Robots Is a Sign of Looming Labor Challenges,” Miami Herald, June 1。
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64 J. Gramlich, 2017, “Most Americans Would Favor Policies to Limit Job and Wage Losses Caused by Automation,” Pew Research Center, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/09/most-americans-would-favor-policies-to-limit-job-and-wage-losses-caused-by-automation/.
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65 Acemoglu and Robinson2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective.”
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66 出处同上，117。
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67 M. Berg, 1976, “The Machinery Question,” PhD diss., University of Oxford, 76.
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68 引自W. Broad, 1984, “U.S. Factories Reach into the Future,” New York Times, March 13。
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69 引自G. Allison, 2017, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), chapter 1, Kindle。
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70 P. Druckerman, 2014, “The French Do Buy Books. Real Books,” New York Times, July 9.
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71 G. Rayner, 2017, “Jeremy Corbyn Plans to ‘Tax Robots’ Because Automation Is a ‘Threat’ to Workers,” Daily Telegraph, September 26.
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72 Y. Sung-won, 2017, “Korea Takes First Step to Introduce ‘Robot Tax,’” Korea Times, August 7.
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73 B. Merchant, 2018, “The Presidential Candidate Bent on Beating the Robot Apocalypse Will Give Two Americans a $1,000-per-month Basic Income,” Motherboard, April 19.
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74 引自S. Cronwell, 2018, “Rust-Belt Democrats Praise Trump’s Threatened Metals Tariffs,” Reuters, March 2。
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75 D. Grossman, 2017, “Highly-Automated Austrian Steel Mill Only Needs 14 People,” Popular Mechanics, June 22, https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a27043/steel-mill-austria-automated/.
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76 M. Spence and S. Hlatshwayo, 2012, “The Evolving Structure of the American Economy and the Employment Challenge,” Comparative Economic Studies 54 (4): 703–38.
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77 引自C. Cain Miller, 2017, “A Darker Theme in Obama’s Farewell: Automation Can Divide Us,” New York Times, January 12。
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78 R. Rector and R. Sheffield, 2011, “Air Conditioning, Cable TV, and an Xbox: What Is Poverty in the United States Today?” (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation), 2.
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79 J. Mokyr, 2011, The Enlightened Economy: Britain and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850 (London: Penguin), chapter 1, Kindle.
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80 J. A. Schumpeter, [1942] 1976, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3d ed. (New York: Harper Torchbooks), 76.
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技术陷阱：从工业革命到AI时代，技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 [
:1704601987]
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技术陷阱：从工业革命到AI时代，技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 第五部分 未 来
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未来会怎样？……迄今为止，计算的历史表明在整个经济中，基础计算进程和计算在应用方面的创新都没有放缓。也许除了人类，计算机和软件才是最终的通用技术。它们有潜力渗透并从根本上改变经济生活的每一个角落。照当前的发展速度，计算机在复杂度和计算能力方面正接近人脑。也许计算机将被证明是最终的外包商。
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——《计算领域两个世纪的生产率增长》，威廉·诺德豪斯
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19世纪初的卢德主义者的呼声与接下来几十年中有同样想法的模仿者的呼声一样，肯定都被人们听到了。然而，他们基本不能指望改变自己的命运：民主仍非常有限，绝大部分人的生活水平仍然很低，大部分人依然要为基本需求的满足而疲于奔命。此后情况发生了很大的改变。如今在发达的西方社会，每个人都有希望（至少在理论上）充分参与政治、经济、文化领域的社会生活。人们不仅能够期待在定期选举中投票，也能通过“参与民主制”产生影响。人们不仅能保住工作，也能分享经济增长带来的好处，这就构成了“期待的民主化”。
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——《作为下一项通用技术的人工智能：基于政治经济学的视角》，曼努埃尔·特拉杰滕伯格
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