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列昂惕夫曾开玩笑说，如果马获得了投票权，它们就不太可能从农场消失了。虽然美国中产阶级几乎不可能遭遇农场马匹那样的命运，但我们也不指望美国人会轻易接受工资的下降。如果自动化只会暂时降低人们的收入，他们可能愿意接受自动化。但如果他们的收入在数年甚至数十年内似乎都不可能恢复，他们就更有可能抵制自动化。事实上，如果个人对市场的裁决感到不满，他们要么会试图抵制技术，要么会通过非市场的机制和政治激进主义来寻求更多的再分配。我们在第三章中就讨论过，卢德主义者和其他群体曾激烈反抗那些威胁他们生计的机器的推广。除了发动暴乱，他们也曾向议会请愿，呼吁政府限制劳动取代技术的引进。但由于缺少政治影响力，他们没有成功的希望。如今的劳动者不仅对政府必须提供的东西有更高的期望，他们也拥有了政治权利。
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注释
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1 E. Brynjolfsson and A. McAfee, 2017, Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future (New York: Norton), 71–73.
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2 C. E. Shannon, 1950, “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess,” Philosophical Magazine 41 (314): 256–75.
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3 C. Koch, 2016, “How the Computer Beat the Go Master,” Scientific American 27 (4): 20.
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4 F. Levy and R. J. Murnane, 2004, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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5 E. Brynjolfsson and A. McAfee, 2014, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W. W. Norton), chapter 3, Kindle.
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6 Koch, 2016, “How the Computer Beat the Go Master,” 20.
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7 M. Fortunato et al. 2017, “Noisy Networks for Exploration,” preprint, submitted, https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.10295.
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8 Cisco, 2018, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022,” (San Jose, CA: Cisco), https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/complete-white-paper-c11-481360.html.
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9 P. Lyman and H. R. Varian, 2003, “How Much Information?,” berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003.
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10 A. Tanner, 2007. “Google Seeks World of Instant Translations,” Reuters, March 27.
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11 Y. Wu et al., 2016, “Google’s Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation,” preprint, submitted October 8, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.08144.pdf.
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12 I. M. Cockburn, R. Henderson, and S. Stern, 2018, “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation (Working Paper 24449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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13 E. Brynjolfsson, D. Rock, and C. Syverson, forthcoming, “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics,” in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, ed. Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), figure 1.
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14 “Germany Starts Facial Recognition Tests at Rail Station,” 2017, New York Post, December 17.
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15 N. Coudray et al., 2018, “Classification and Mutation Prediction from Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Histopathology Images Using Deep Learning,” Nature Medicine 24 (10): 1559–1567.
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16 A. Esteva et al., 2017, “Dermatologist-Level Classification of Skin Cancer with Deep Neural Networks,” Nature 542 (7639): 115.
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17 W. Xiong et al., 2017, “The Microsoft 2017 Conversational Speech Recognition System,” Microsoft AI and Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2017-39, August, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ms_swbd17-2.pdf.
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18 M. Burns, 2018, “Clinc Is Building a Voice AI System to Replace Humans in Drive-Through Restaurants,” TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/video/clinc-is-building-a-voice-ai-system-to-replace-humans-in-drive-through-restaurants/.
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19 D. Gershgorn, 2018, “Google Is Building ‘Virtual Agents’ to Handle Call Centers’ Grunt Work,” Quartz, July 24, https://qz.com/1335348/google-is-building-virtual-agents-to-handle-call-centers-grunt-work/.
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20 Brynjolfsson, Rock, and Syverson, forthcoming, “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox.”
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21 参见C. B. Frey and M. A. Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (C): 254–80。
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22 B. Mathibela, M. A. Osborne, I. Posner, and P. Newman, 2012, “Can Priors Be Trusted? Learning to Anticipate Roadworks,” in IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 927–32.
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23 B. Mathibela, P. Newman, and I. Posner, 2015, “Reading the Road: Road Marking Classification and Interpretation,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16 (4): 2080.
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