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9 P. Lyman and H. R. Varian, 2003, “How Much Information?,” berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003.
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10 A. Tanner, 2007. “Google Seeks World of Instant Translations,” Reuters, March 27.
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11 Y. Wu et al., 2016, “Google’s Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation,” preprint, submitted October 8, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.08144.pdf.
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12 I. M. Cockburn, R. Henderson, and S. Stern, 2018, “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation (Working Paper 24449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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13 E. Brynjolfsson, D. Rock, and C. Syverson, forthcoming, “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics,” in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, ed. Ajay K. Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), figure 1.
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14 “Germany Starts Facial Recognition Tests at Rail Station,” 2017, New York Post, December 17.
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15 N. Coudray et al., 2018, “Classification and Mutation Prediction from Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Histopathology Images Using Deep Learning,” Nature Medicine 24 (10): 1559–1567.
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16 A. Esteva et al., 2017, “Dermatologist-Level Classification of Skin Cancer with Deep Neural Networks,” Nature 542 (7639): 115.
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17 W. Xiong et al., 2017, “The Microsoft 2017 Conversational Speech Recognition System,” Microsoft AI and Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2017-39, August, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ms_swbd17-2.pdf.
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18 M. Burns, 2018, “Clinc Is Building a Voice AI System to Replace Humans in Drive-Through Restaurants,” TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/video/clinc-is-building-a-voice-ai-system-to-replace-humans-in-drive-through-restaurants/.
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19 D. Gershgorn, 2018, “Google Is Building ‘Virtual Agents’ to Handle Call Centers’ Grunt Work,” Quartz, July 24, https://qz.com/1335348/google-is-building-virtual-agents-to-handle-call-centers-grunt-work/.
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20 Brynjolfsson, Rock, and Syverson, forthcoming, “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox.”
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21 参见C. B. Frey and M. A. Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (C): 254–80。
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22 B. Mathibela, M. A. Osborne, I. Posner, and P. Newman, 2012, “Can Priors Be Trusted? Learning to Anticipate Roadworks,” in IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 927–32.
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23 B. Mathibela, P. Newman, and I. Posner, 2015, “Reading the Road: Road Marking Classification and Interpretation,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16 (4): 2080.
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24 参见C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment” 。
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25 Rio Tinto, 2017, “Rio Tinto to Expand Autonomous Fleet as Part of $5 Billion Productivity Drive,” December 18, http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_23802.aspx.
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26 A. Agrawal, J. Gans, and A. Goldfarb, 2016, “The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, https://hbr.org/2016/11/the-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence.
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27 “A More Realistic Route to Autonomous Driving,” 2018, Economist, August 2, https://www.economist.com/business/2018/08/02/a-more-realistic-route-to-autonomous-driving.
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28 “Tractor Crushes Boy to Death,” 1931, New York Times, October 12.
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29 J. R. Treat et al., 1979, Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents: Final Report, vol. 2: Special Analyses (Bloomington, IN: Institute for Research in Public Safety). See also V. Wadhwa, 2017, The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler).
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30 World Health Organization, 2015, “Road Traffic Deaths,” http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/mortality/en.
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31 J. McCurry, 2018, “Driverless Taxi Debuts in Tokyo in ‘World First’ Trial ahead of Olympics,” Guardian, August 28.
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32 引自F. Levy, 2018, “Computers and Populism: Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, and Politics in the Near Term,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34 (3): 405。
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33 引自T. B. Lee, 2016, “This Expert Thinks Robots Aren’t Going to Destroy Many Jobs. And That’s a Problem,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/a/new-economy-future/robert-gordon-interview。
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