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16 A. Esteva et al., 2017, “Dermatologist-Level Classification of Skin Cancer with Deep Neural Networks,” Nature 542 (7639): 115.
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17 W. Xiong et al., 2017, “The Microsoft 2017 Conversational Speech Recognition System,” Microsoft AI and Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2017-39, August, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ms_swbd17-2.pdf.
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18 M. Burns, 2018, “Clinc Is Building a Voice AI System to Replace Humans in Drive-Through Restaurants,” TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/video/clinc-is-building-a-voice-ai-system-to-replace-humans-in-drive-through-restaurants/.
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19 D. Gershgorn, 2018, “Google Is Building ‘Virtual Agents’ to Handle Call Centers’ Grunt Work,” Quartz, July 24, https://qz.com/1335348/google-is-building-virtual-agents-to-handle-call-centers-grunt-work/.
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20 Brynjolfsson, Rock, and Syverson, forthcoming, “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox.”
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21 参见C. B. Frey and M. A. Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114 (C): 254–80。
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22 B. Mathibela, M. A. Osborne, I. Posner, and P. Newman, 2012, “Can Priors Be Trusted? Learning to Anticipate Roadworks,” in IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 927–32.
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23 B. Mathibela, P. Newman, and I. Posner, 2015, “Reading the Road: Road Marking Classification and Interpretation,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16 (4): 2080.
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24 参见C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment” 。
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25 Rio Tinto, 2017, “Rio Tinto to Expand Autonomous Fleet as Part of $5 Billion Productivity Drive,” December 18, http://www.riotinto.com/media/media-releases-237_23802.aspx.
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26 A. Agrawal, J. Gans, and A. Goldfarb, 2016, “The Simple Economics of Machine Intelligence,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, https://hbr.org/2016/11/the-simple-economics-of-machine-intelligence.
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27 “A More Realistic Route to Autonomous Driving,” 2018, Economist, August 2, https://www.economist.com/business/2018/08/02/a-more-realistic-route-to-autonomous-driving.
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28 “Tractor Crushes Boy to Death,” 1931, New York Times, October 12.
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29 J. R. Treat et al., 1979, Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents: Final Report, vol. 2: Special Analyses (Bloomington, IN: Institute for Research in Public Safety). See also V. Wadhwa, 2017, The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler).
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30 World Health Organization, 2015, “Road Traffic Deaths,” http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/mortality/en.
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31 J. McCurry, 2018, “Driverless Taxi Debuts in Tokyo in ‘World First’ Trial ahead of Olympics,” Guardian, August 28.
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32 引自F. Levy, 2018, “Computers and Populism: Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, and Politics in the Near Term,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34 (3): 405。
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33 引自T. B. Lee, 2016, “This Expert Thinks Robots Aren’t Going to Destroy Many Jobs. And That’s a Problem,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/a/new-economy-future/robert-gordon-interview。
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34 要实现这些任务的自动化还有其他方法，其中一个集中体现就是3D打印。新加坡南洋理工大学的机器人专家认为3D打印机可用于工程建造。虽然这看起来很遥远，但工程师们实际上已经使用两个机器人同时工作成功创造了一个单件混凝土结构。参见X. Zhang et al., 2018, “Large-Scale 3D Printing by a Team of Mobile Robots,” Automation in Construction 95 (November): 98–106。
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35 C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment,” 261.
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36 M. Mandel and B. Swanson, 2017, “The Coming Productivity Boom—Transforming the Physical Economy with Information” (Washington, DC: Technology CEO Council), 14.
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37 H. Shaban, 2018, “Amazon Is Issued Patent for Delivery Drones That Can React to Screaming Voices, Flailing Arms,” Washington Post, March 22.
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38 D. Paquette, 2018, “He’s One of the Only Humans at Work—and He Loves It,” Washington Post, September 10.
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39 出处同上。
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40 M. Ryan, C. Metz, and M. Taylor, 2018, “How Robot Hands Are Evolving to Do What Ours Can,” New York Times, July 30.
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