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29 J. R. Treat et al., 1979, Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents: Final Report, vol. 2: Special Analyses (Bloomington, IN: Institute for Research in Public Safety). See also V. Wadhwa, 2017, The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler).
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30 World Health Organization, 2015, “Road Traffic Deaths,” http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/mortality/en.
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31 J. McCurry, 2018, “Driverless Taxi Debuts in Tokyo in ‘World First’ Trial ahead of Olympics,” Guardian, August 28.
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32 引自F. Levy, 2018, “Computers and Populism: Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, and Politics in the Near Term,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34 (3): 405。
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33 引自T. B. Lee, 2016, “This Expert Thinks Robots Aren’t Going to Destroy Many Jobs. And That’s a Problem,” Vox, https://www.vox.com/a/new-economy-future/robert-gordon-interview。
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34 要实现这些任务的自动化还有其他方法，其中一个集中体现就是3D打印。新加坡南洋理工大学的机器人专家认为3D打印机可用于工程建造。虽然这看起来很遥远，但工程师们实际上已经使用两个机器人同时工作成功创造了一个单件混凝土结构。参见X. Zhang et al., 2018, “Large-Scale 3D Printing by a Team of Mobile Robots,” Automation in Construction 95 (November): 98–106。
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35 C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment,” 261.
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36 M. Mandel and B. Swanson, 2017, “The Coming Productivity Boom—Transforming the Physical Economy with Information” (Washington, DC: Technology CEO Council), 14.
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37 H. Shaban, 2018, “Amazon Is Issued Patent for Delivery Drones That Can React to Screaming Voices, Flailing Arms,” Washington Post, March 22.
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38 D. Paquette, 2018, “He’s One of the Only Humans at Work—and He Loves It,” Washington Post, September 10.
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39 出处同上。
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40 M. Ryan, C. Metz, and M. Taylor, 2018, “How Robot Hands Are Evolving to Do What Ours Can,” New York Times, July 30.
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41 出处同上。
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42 出处同上。
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43 引自M. Klein, 2007, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 78。
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44 引自D. J. Millet, 1972, “Town Development in Southwest Louisiana, 1865–1900,” Louisiana History 13 (2): 144。
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45 “Music over the Wires,” 1890, New York Times, October 9.
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46 E. Clague, 1960, “Adjustments to the Introduction of Office Automation,” Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin, no. 1276, 2.
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47 H. Simon, [1960] 1985, “The Corporation: Will It Be Managed by Machines?,” in Management and the Corporation, ed. M. L. Anshen and G. L. Bach (New York: McGraw-Hill), 17–55.
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48 T. Malthus, [1798] 2013, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Digireads.com, Kindle, 179.
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49 C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment,” 262.
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50 O*NET职业信息网络数据库包含覆盖整个美国经济的数百个标准化的、对特定职业的描述。关于“原创性”的一项职业清单，参见 O*NET OnLine, 2018, “Find Occupations: Abilities—Originality,” https://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/result/1.A.1.b.2。
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51 C. B. Frey and Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment,” 262.
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52 这些描述是建立在对美国劳动力的大规模调查的基础之上的，劳动者们在这些调查中被问及他们参与各项任务的频率，他们的回答构成了O*NET OnLine职业信息网络数据库的一部分。
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53 L. Nedelkoska and G. Quintini, 2018, “Automation, Skills Use and Training” (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper 202, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris).
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