1704605794
7 A. Greif and M. Iyigun, 2013, “Social Organizations, Violence, and Modern Growth,” American Economic Review 103 (3): 534–38.
1704605795
1704605796
8 引自A. Greif and M.Iyigun, 2012, “Social Institutions, Violence and Innovations: Did the Old Poor Law Matter?” (Working paper, Stanford University, Stanford, CA), 4。
1704605797
1704605798
9 马尔萨斯写道：“为了减轻普通人经常遭受的痛苦，英国颁布了济贫法。然而，济贫法也许稍稍减轻了个人的不幸，却造成了更大范围的不幸……英国的济贫法往往通过这两种方式使穷人的境况变得更糟。它们的第一个明显的倾向是增加人口而不增加供养更多人口的食物……其次，济贫所收容的人一般不能说是最有价值的社会成员，但他们的食物消费却会减少更为勤劳、更有价值的社会成员本应享有的食物份额，因而同样也会迫使更多的人依赖救济为生。”（[1798] 2013, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 55 and 62–63, Digireads.com, Kindle.）同样，李嘉图认为：“济贫法有着直接而明确的倾向，这种倾向与那些显而易见的原则是相悖的。与立法机关的善良意图相反，它不仅不能改善贫民的生活状况，还会让穷人和富人的状况都恶化……自从经过马尔萨斯先生精辟的充分说明以来，济贫法的上述有害趋势已不再成谜了。每一个同情贫民的人必然都殷切地希望将其废除。”（[1817] 1911, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Reprint. London: Dent, 33）
1704605799
1704605800
10 关于杰出的技术和普通的技术，参见D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, 2018a, “Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work” (Working Paper 24196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
1704605801
1704605802
11 达龙·阿西莫格鲁和帕斯夸尔·雷斯特雷波在分析劳动力需求的来源时发现，制造业工人的更替可以在很大程度上解释工资和生产率之间的脱钩。这一进程始于20世纪80年代，从世纪之交以来有所加强。更重要的是，我们需要记住以前也曾发生类似的情况。与今天类似，在19世纪中叶的美国，机器取代现有工作的速度比新技术在新活动中恢复劳动力的速度更快。参见D. Acemoglu and P. Restrepo, forthcoming, “Automation and New Tasks: The Implications of the Task Content of Production for Labor Demand,” Journal of Economic Perspectives。作者们的数据无法追溯到1850年以前，但是（正如第五章所指出的）英国在19世纪早期经历了类似的模式，当时纺织机械大规模取代手工艺人。
1704605803
1704605804
12 N. Eberstadt, 2016, Men without Work: America’s Invisible Crisis (Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press).
1704605805
1704605806
13 C. B. Frey and M. A. Osborne, 2017, “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114
:254–80.
1704605807
1704605808
14 R. Bowley, 2017, “The Fastest-Growing Jobs in the U.S. Based on LinkedIn Data,” LinkedIn Official Blog, December 7, https://blog.linkedin.com/2017/december/7/the-fastest-growing-jobs-in-the-u-s-based-on-linkedin-data.
1704605809
1704605810
15 S. Murthy, 2014, “Top 10 Job Titles That Didn’t Exist 5 Years Ago (Infographic),” LinkedIn Talent Blog, January 6, https://business.linkedin.com/talent-solutions/blog/2014/01/top-10-job-titles-that-didnt-exist-5-years-ago-infographic.
1704605811
1704605812
16 M. Berg, 1976, “The Machinery Question,” PhD diss., University of Oxford, 2.
1704605813
1704605814
17 L. Summers, 2017, “Robots Are Wealth Creators and Taxing Them Is Illogical,” Financial Times, March 5.
1704605815
1704605816
18 C. Goldin and L. Katz, 2008, The Race between Technology and Education (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 1–2.
1704605817
1704605818
19 G. J. Duncan and R. J. Murnane, eds., 2011. Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances (New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
1704605819
1704605820
20 J. D. Sachs, S. G. Benzell, and G. LaGarda, 2015, “Robots: Curse or Blessing? A Basic Framework” (Working Paper 21091, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
1704605821
1704605822
21 J. J. Heckman et al., 2010, “The Rate of Return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program,” Journal of Public Economics 94 (1–2), 114–28.
1704605823
1704605824
22 A. J. Reynolds et al., 2011, “School-Based Early Childhood Education and Age-28 Well-Being: Effects by Timing, Dosage, and Subgroups,” Science 333 (6040): 360–64.
1704605825
1704605826
23 H. J. Holzer, D. Whitmore Schanzenbach, G. J. Duncan, and J. Ludwig, 2008, “The Economic Costs of Childhood Poverty in the United States,” Journal of Children and Poverty 14 (1): 41–61.
1704605827
1704605828
24 A. M. Bell et al., 2017, “Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation (Working Paper 24062, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
1704605829
1704605830
25 A. M. Bell et al., 2018, “Lost Einsteins: Who Becomes an Inventor in America?,” CentrePiece, Spring, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp522.pdf, 11.
1704605831
1704605832
26 R. D. Putnam, 2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster), chapter 6.
1704605833
1704605834
27 K. L. Schlozman, S. Verba, and H. E. Brady, 2012, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
1704605835
1704605836
28 R. A. Dahl, 1998, On Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 76.
1704605837
1704605838
29 引自G. R. Kremen, 1974, “MDTA: The Origins of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962,” U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/mono-mdtatext。
1704605839
1704605840
30 O. Ashenfelter, 1978, “Estimating the Effect of Training Programs on Earnings,” Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (1): 47–57.
1704605841
1704605842
31 以劳动力市场中大不相同的群体为目标的项目无法进行比较，这种情况让问题变得更复杂。背景弱势、受教育程度较低的劳动者自然需要更多的培训和资源。此外，培训措施的有效性在很大程度上取决于培训的内容、当地劳动力市场的特征和整体的经济健康状况。
1704605843
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.704605794e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]