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20 J. D. Sachs, S. G. Benzell, and G. LaGarda, 2015, “Robots: Curse or Blessing? A Basic Framework” (Working Paper 21091, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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21 J. J. Heckman et al., 2010, “The Rate of Return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program,” Journal of Public Economics 94 (1–2), 114–28.
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22 A. J. Reynolds et al., 2011, “School-Based Early Childhood Education and Age-28 Well-Being: Effects by Timing, Dosage, and Subgroups,” Science 333 (6040): 360–64.
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23 H. J. Holzer, D. Whitmore Schanzenbach, G. J. Duncan, and J. Ludwig, 2008, “The Economic Costs of Childhood Poverty in the United States,” Journal of Children and Poverty 14 (1): 41–61.
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24 A. M. Bell et al., 2017, “Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation (Working Paper 24062, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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25 A. M. Bell et al., 2018, “Lost Einsteins: Who Becomes an Inventor in America?,” CentrePiece, Spring, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp522.pdf, 11.
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26 R. D. Putnam, 2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster), chapter 6.
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27 K. L. Schlozman, S. Verba, and H. E. Brady, 2012, The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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28 R. A. Dahl, 1998, On Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 76.
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29 引自G. R. Kremen, 1974, “MDTA: The Origins of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962,” U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/mono-mdtatext。
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30 O. Ashenfelter, 1978, “Estimating the Effect of Training Programs on Earnings,” Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (1): 47–57.
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31 以劳动力市场中大不相同的群体为目标的项目无法进行比较，这种情况让问题变得更复杂。背景弱势、受教育程度较低的劳动者自然需要更多的培训和资源。此外，培训措施的有效性在很大程度上取决于培训的内容、当地劳动力市场的特征和整体的经济健康状况。
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32 B. S. Barnow and J. Smith, 2015, “Employment and Training Programs” (Working Paper 21659, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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33 R. J. LaLonde, 2007, The Case for Wage Insurance (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press), 19.
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34 关于全民基本收入和福利国家，参见A. Goolsbee, 2018, “Public Policy in an AI Economy” (Working Paper 24653, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
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35 关于电视和幸福感，参见B. S. Frey, 2008, Happiness: A Revolution in Economics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), chapter 9。
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36 D. Graeber, 2018, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (New York: Simon & Schuster). For survey evidence showing that people find meaning in their jobs, see R. Dur and M. van Lent, 2018, “Socially Useless Jobs” (Discussion Paper 18-034/VII, Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute).
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37 关于幸福感和失业，参见B. S. Frey, 2008, Happiness, chapter 4。
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38 I. Goldin, 2018, “Five Reasons Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea,” Financial Times, February 11.
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39 G. Hubbard, 2014, “Tax Reform Is the Best Way to Tackle Income Inequality,” Washington Post, January 10.
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40 关于劳动所得税收抵免的概述，参见A. Nichols and J. Rothstein, 2015, “The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)” (Working Paper 21211, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
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41 R. Chetty, N. Hendren, P, Kline, and E. Saez, 2014, “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (4): 1553–623.
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42 L. Kenworthy, 2012, “It’s Hard to Make It in America: How the United States Stopped Being the Land of Opportunity,” Foreign Affairs 91(November/December): 97.
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43 M. M. Kleiner, 2011, “Occupational Licensing: Protecting the Public Interest or Protectionism?” (Policy Paper 2011–009, Upjohn Institute, Kalamazoo, MI).
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44 关于壮年男性的职业许可和失业情况，参见B. Austin, E. L. Glaeser, and L. Summers, forthcoming, “Saving the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity。
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