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28 R. A. Dahl, 1998, On Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 76.
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29 引自G. R. Kremen, 1974, “MDTA: The Origins of the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962,” U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/mono-mdtatext。
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30 O. Ashenfelter, 1978, “Estimating the Effect of Training Programs on Earnings,” Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (1): 47–57.
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31 以劳动力市场中大不相同的群体为目标的项目无法进行比较，这种情况让问题变得更复杂。背景弱势、受教育程度较低的劳动者自然需要更多的培训和资源。此外，培训措施的有效性在很大程度上取决于培训的内容、当地劳动力市场的特征和整体的经济健康状况。
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32 B. S. Barnow and J. Smith, 2015, “Employment and Training Programs” (Working Paper 21659, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
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33 R. J. LaLonde, 2007, The Case for Wage Insurance (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press), 19.
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34 关于全民基本收入和福利国家，参见A. Goolsbee, 2018, “Public Policy in an AI Economy” (Working Paper 24653, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
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35 关于电视和幸福感，参见B. S. Frey, 2008, Happiness: A Revolution in Economics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), chapter 9。
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36 D. Graeber, 2018, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (New York: Simon & Schuster). For survey evidence showing that people find meaning in their jobs, see R. Dur and M. van Lent, 2018, “Socially Useless Jobs” (Discussion Paper 18-034/VII, Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute).
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37 关于幸福感和失业，参见B. S. Frey, 2008, Happiness, chapter 4。
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38 I. Goldin, 2018, “Five Reasons Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea,” Financial Times, February 11.
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39 G. Hubbard, 2014, “Tax Reform Is the Best Way to Tackle Income Inequality,” Washington Post, January 10.
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40 关于劳动所得税收抵免的概述，参见A. Nichols and J. Rothstein, 2015, “The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)” (Working Paper 21211, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)。
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41 R. Chetty, N. Hendren, P, Kline, and E. Saez, 2014, “Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (4): 1553–623.
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42 L. Kenworthy, 2012, “It’s Hard to Make It in America: How the United States Stopped Being the Land of Opportunity,” Foreign Affairs 91(November/December): 97.
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43 M. M. Kleiner, 2011, “Occupational Licensing: Protecting the Public Interest or Protectionism?” (Policy Paper 2011–009, Upjohn Institute, Kalamazoo, MI).
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44 关于壮年男性的职业许可和失业情况，参见B. Austin, E. L. Glaeser, and L. Summers, forthcoming, “Saving the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity。
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45 B. Fallick, C. A. Fleischman, and J. B. Rebitzer, 2006, “Job-Hopping in Silicon Valley: Some Evidence Concerning the Microfoundations of a High-Technology Cluster,” Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (3): 472–81.
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46 R. J. Gilson, 1999, “The Legal Infrastructure of High Technology Industrial Districts: Silicon Valley, Route 128, and Covenants Not to Compete,” New York University Law Review 74 (August): 575.
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47 S. Klepper, 2010, “The Origin and Growth of Industry Clusters: The Making of Silicon Valley and Detroit,” Journal of Urban Economics 67 (1): 15–32.
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48 T. Berger and C. B. Frey, 2017b, “Regional Technological Dynamism and Noncompete Clauses: Evidence from a Natural Experiment,” Journal of Regional Science 57 (4): 655–68.
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49 E. Moretti, 2012, The New Geography of Jobs (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), 158–65.
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50 C. T. Hsieh and E. Moretti, forthcoming, “Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics.
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51 M. Rognlie, 2014, “A Note on Piketty and Diminishing Returns to Capital,” unpublished manuscript, http://mattrognlie.com/piketty_diminishing_returns.pdf.
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52 参见E. L. Glaeser and J. Gyourko, 2002, “The Impact of Zoning on Housing Affordability (Working Paper 8835, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA)；E. L. Glaeser, 2017, “Reforming Land Use Regulations” (Report in the Series on Market and Government Failures, Brookings Center on Regulation and Markets, Washington)。
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