1704623160
1704623161
［6］Louis D. Brandeis, letter to Robert W. Bruere, Columbia Law Review 31 (1922): 7.
1704623162
1704623163
［7］Louis D. Brandeis, Other People’s Money (Washington, DC: National Home Library Foundation, 1933), 62.
1704623164
1704623165
［8］Joel Seligman, The Transformation of Wall Street (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995), 42.
1704623166
1704623167
［9］有关法案的制定是由于政治压力而不是经济推动的证据，参见George Benston, The Separation of Commercial and Investment Banking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)； Randall Kroszner and Raghuram G. Rajan, “Is the Glass Steagall Act Justified?: Evidence from the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking, 1921-1933,” American Economic Review 84 (1994): 810-832。
1704623168
1704623169
［10］有关风险投资的数据参见J. Lerner, Venture Capital and Private Equity: A Casebook (New York: Wiley, 2000)。根据国际货币基金组织（国际金融统计）的数据，1997年意大利的毛固定资产投资大约324.9万亿里拉，按当时的汇率计算为1840亿美元。
1704623170
1704623171
［11］PricewaterhouseCoopers/Venture Economics/National Venture Capital Association MoneyTree Survey.www.pwcglobal.com/cy/eng/about/press-rm/PressRelCurrent/Money_Tree.html.
1704623172
1704623173
［12］Fischel, Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milken,24.
1704623174
1704623175
［13］1977～1986年的数据参见B. Holmstrom and S. Kaplan, “Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the U.S.: Making Sense of the 1980s and the 1990s,” Journal of Economic Literature 15, no. 2 (2001), 121-144。
1704623176
1704623177
［14］Christian Science Monitor, “Time Might Be Right for a Hunk of Junk,” February 11, 2002.
1704623178
1704623179
［15］在通常情况下，大宗交易的价格并不划算。由于交易量很大，证券需要在经纪商手中持有一段时间才能全部转卖出去。另外，经纪商也可能担心大主顾拥有他们不了解的某些信息，因此要求以更优惠的价格给这种风险提供补偿。
1704623180
1704623181
［16］有关固定佣金制度的取消带来的影响，更详细的描述参见M. Blume, J. Siegel, and D. Rottenberg, The Revolution on Wall Street: The Rise and Decline of the New York Stock Exchange (New York: Norton, 1993)。
1704623182
1704623183
［17］P. Gompers and A. Metrick, “Institutional Investors and Equity Prices,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 1 (2001): 295-260; J. Poterba and A. Samwick, “Stock Ownership Patterns, Stock Market Fluctuations, and Consumption,” Brookings Paper on Economic Activity 2 (1985): 295-357; and Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2001): 739.
1704623184
1704623185
［18］Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, table 1214.
1704623186
1704623187
［19］Holmstrom and Kaplan, “Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the U.S.”
1704623188
1704623189
［20］James M. Poterba, “The Rate of Return to Corporate Capital and Factor Shares: New Estimates Using Revised National Income Accounts and Capital Stock Data,” NBER working paper no. W6263, 1999.
1704623190
1704623191
［21］William Shepherd, “Causes of Increased Competition in the U.S. Economy, 1939-1980,” Review of Economics and Statistics 64, issue 4 (1982): 613-626,cited in David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies,” discussion paper 44, ERIM, 2000.
1704623192
1704623193
［22］Economic Report of the President (1998, 2001).
1704623194
1704623195
［23］David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy?”
1704623196
1704623197
［24］G. Dosi, “Sources, Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature 26 (1988): 1120-1171; and Frederic Pryor, “Will Most of Us Be Working for Giant Enterprises by 2028?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 44, no. 4 (2000): 363-382.
1704623198
1704623199
［25］B. Carlsson, The Rise of Small Business: Causes and Consequences, cited in W. J. Adams, ed., Singular Europe: Economy and Policy of the European Community after 1992 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 145-169.
1704623200
1704623201
［26］Erik Bynjolfson, Thomas W. Malone, Vijay Gurbaxani, and Ajit Kambil, eds., The Impact of the Modern Corporation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Nicholas Komninos, The Effect of Information Technology on Average Firm Size and the Degree of Vertical Integration in the Manufacturing Sector (American University, Ph.D. diss., 1994).
1704623202
1704623203
［27］以下内容主要来自“The Record Industry Takes Fright,” Economist, January 29, 2000, 69。
1704623204
1704623205
［28］同上。
1704623206
1704623207
［29］同上。
1704623208
1704623209
［30］参见Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001,第 377页。这些数据是根据1978～1998年间18～34岁的人所拥有过的工作数量来测算的。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70462316e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]