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［11］PricewaterhouseCoopers/Venture Economics/National Venture Capital Association MoneyTree Survey.www.pwcglobal.com/cy/eng/about/press-rm/PressRelCurrent/Money_Tree.html.
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［12］Fischel, Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milken,24.
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［13］1977～1986年的数据参见B. Holmstrom and S. Kaplan, “Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the U.S.: Making Sense of the 1980s and the 1990s,” Journal of Economic Literature 15, no. 2 (2001), 121-144。
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［14］Christian Science Monitor, “Time Might Be Right for a Hunk of Junk,” February 11, 2002.
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［15］在通常情况下，大宗交易的价格并不划算。由于交易量很大，证券需要在经纪商手中持有一段时间才能全部转卖出去。另外，经纪商也可能担心大主顾拥有他们不了解的某些信息，因此要求以更优惠的价格给这种风险提供补偿。
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［16］有关固定佣金制度的取消带来的影响，更详细的描述参见M. Blume, J. Siegel, and D. Rottenberg, The Revolution on Wall Street: The Rise and Decline of the New York Stock Exchange (New York: Norton, 1993)。
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［17］P. Gompers and A. Metrick, “Institutional Investors and Equity Prices,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 1 (2001): 295-260; J. Poterba and A. Samwick, “Stock Ownership Patterns, Stock Market Fluctuations, and Consumption,” Brookings Paper on Economic Activity 2 (1985): 295-357; and Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2001): 739.
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［18］Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001, table 1214.
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［19］Holmstrom and Kaplan, “Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the U.S.”
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［20］James M. Poterba, “The Rate of Return to Corporate Capital and Factor Shares: New Estimates Using Revised National Income Accounts and Capital Stock Data,” NBER working paper no. W6263, 1999.
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［21］William Shepherd, “Causes of Increased Competition in the U.S. Economy, 1939-1980,” Review of Economics and Statistics 64, issue 4 (1982): 613-626,cited in David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies,” discussion paper 44, ERIM, 2000.
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［22］Economic Report of the President (1998, 2001).
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［23］David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy?”
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［24］G. Dosi, “Sources, Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature 26 (1988): 1120-1171; and Frederic Pryor, “Will Most of Us Be Working for Giant Enterprises by 2028?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 44, no. 4 (2000): 363-382.
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［25］B. Carlsson, The Rise of Small Business: Causes and Consequences, cited in W. J. Adams, ed., Singular Europe: Economy and Policy of the European Community after 1992 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 145-169.
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［26］Erik Bynjolfson, Thomas W. Malone, Vijay Gurbaxani, and Ajit Kambil, eds., The Impact of the Modern Corporation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Nicholas Komninos, The Effect of Information Technology on Average Firm Size and the Degree of Vertical Integration in the Manufacturing Sector (American University, Ph.D. diss., 1994).
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［27］以下内容主要来自“The Record Industry Takes Fright,” Economist, January 29, 2000, 69。
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［28］同上。
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［29］同上。
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［30］参见Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001,第 377页。这些数据是根据1978～1998年间18～34岁的人所拥有过的工作数量来测算的。
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［31］参见David Jaeger and Ann Stevens, “Is Job Stability in the United States Falling? Reconciling Trends in the Current Population Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics,” NBER working paper no. 6650, 1998。这种不稳定有的或许是由于某些公司在20世纪80～90年代的业务重组中取消了中间管理层的缘故。
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［32］R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origins and Growth of Firms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2001): 805-852.
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［33］Tim Jackson, Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Chip Company (New York: Penguin Group, 1997).
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［34］Amar V. Bhide, Origin and Evolution of New Business (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 94.
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［35］Martin Caree, Andre van Stel, Roy Thurik, and Sander Wennekers, “Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976-1996,” Small Business Economics, June 2000; David M. Blau, “A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 445-467; and D. B. Audretsch, M. A. Carree, A. J. van Stel, and A. R. Thurik, “Impeded Industrial Restructuring: The Growth Penalty,” Institute for Development Strategies, research paper, October 2000.
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