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［21］William Shepherd, “Causes of Increased Competition in the U.S. Economy, 1939-1980,” Review of Economics and Statistics 64, issue 4 (1982): 613-626,cited in David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies,” discussion paper 44, ERIM, 2000.
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［22］Economic Report of the President (1998, 2001).
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［23］David Audretsch and A. Roy Thurik, “What’s New about the New Economy?”
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［24］G. Dosi, “Sources, Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation,” Journal of Economic Literature 26 (1988): 1120-1171; and Frederic Pryor, “Will Most of Us Be Working for Giant Enterprises by 2028?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 44, no. 4 (2000): 363-382.
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［25］B. Carlsson, The Rise of Small Business: Causes and Consequences, cited in W. J. Adams, ed., Singular Europe: Economy and Policy of the European Community after 1992 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 145-169.
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［26］Erik Bynjolfson, Thomas W. Malone, Vijay Gurbaxani, and Ajit Kambil, eds., The Impact of the Modern Corporation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Nicholas Komninos, The Effect of Information Technology on Average Firm Size and the Degree of Vertical Integration in the Manufacturing Sector (American University, Ph.D. diss., 1994).
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［27］以下内容主要来自“The Record Industry Takes Fright,” Economist, January 29, 2000, 69。
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［28］同上。
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［29］同上。
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［30］参见Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001,第 377页。这些数据是根据1978～1998年间18～34岁的人所拥有过的工作数量来测算的。
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［31］参见David Jaeger and Ann Stevens, “Is Job Stability in the United States Falling? Reconciling Trends in the Current Population Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics,” NBER working paper no. 6650, 1998。这种不稳定有的或许是由于某些公司在20世纪80～90年代的业务重组中取消了中间管理层的缘故。
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［32］R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origins and Growth of Firms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2001): 805-852.
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［33］Tim Jackson, Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Chip Company (New York: Penguin Group, 1997).
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［34］Amar V. Bhide, Origin and Evolution of New Business (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 94.
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［35］Martin Caree, Andre van Stel, Roy Thurik, and Sander Wennekers, “Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976-1996,” Small Business Economics, June 2000; David M. Blau, “A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 445-467; and D. B. Audretsch, M. A. Carree, A. J. van Stel, and A. R. Thurik, “Impeded Industrial Restructuring: The Growth Penalty,” Institute for Development Strategies, research paper, October 2000.
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［36］B. Carlsson, “The Evolution of Manufacturing Technology and Its Impact on Industrial Structure: An International Study,” Small Business Economics 1 (1980): 21-37; and B. Carlsson, “Small Business, Entrepreneurship, and Industrial Dynamics,” in Are Small Firms Important? Their Role and Impact, ed. Z. Acs (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999), 99-110.
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［37］通用汽车公司年度报告。
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［38］Rebecca Blumenstein and Fara Warner, “GM Seeks to Make Delphi Unit Independent,” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1998.
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［39］这些资料来自S. Davis and J. Haltiwanger, “The Distribution of Employees by Establishment Size: Patterns of Change and Co-movement in the United States, 1962-85” (University of Chicago, 1989, mineo)。一个机构或单位拥有的人数和一个企业拥有的人数并不完全一样，但总体趋势应该是相同的。
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［40］Pryor, “Will Most of Us Be Working for Giant Enterprises by 2028?”
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［41］这个问题首先由Armen Alchian and Harold Demstetz提出，参见“Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization,” American Economic Review 62 (1972): 777-795。
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［42］核心资源理论最早来自一些社会学家对权力来源的研究，例如Richard Emerson, “Power Dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review 27 (1963): 31-41。管理学的理论家进一步发展了这个学说，重点强调企业的竞争力就是核心资源，参见Birger Wernerfelt, “A Resource Based View of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal 5 (1984): 171-180, and G. Hamel and C. Pralahad, “The Core Competence of the Corporation,” Havord Business Review 68 (1990): 79-91。在经济学方面的早期研究是由S. Grossman and O. Hart完成，他们强调财产的所有权是权力的来源，并提出了支配权力为什么要采取非合同形式的问题，参见“The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration,” Journal of Political Economy 94 (1986): 691-719。在这以后的理论研究就不再把财产的所有权当成支配权力的唯一来源，而同时注意到其他因素的作用 (参见R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “Power in a Theory of the Firm,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 \[1998］ : 387-432, or Bengt Holmstrom, “The Firm as a Subeconomy,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15 \[1999］ : 74-102) 。
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［43］本段落的数据来自Statistical Asstract of the United States, 2001, table 593。
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［44］Rebecca Demsetz, “Human Resources Needs in the Evolving Financial Sector,” Current Issues, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 3, no. 13, November 1997.
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［45］Larry Hunter, Annette Bernhardt, Katherine Hughes, Eva Skuratowicz, “It’s Not Just the ATMs: Technology, Firm Strategies, Jobs, and Earnings in Retail Banking,” Wharton Financial Institutions Center, working paper, 2000.
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