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［2］D. North and B. Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (1989): 803-832.
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［3］参见Gary Becker, “A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence,” Quarterly Journal of Finance 98, no. 3 (1983): 371-400。他认为，缺乏经济效率的政策会和提高经济效率的政策展开竞争，最终会失败。我们的观点是，如果条件允许，那经济效率高的所有者比没有效率的所有者能更好地支配权力。在封建社会的大部分时间里，效率高的所有者没有能够支配权力的原因是他们缺乏组织，政府对市场的压制，以及专制权力的影响。参见S. Myers and R. Rajan, “The Paradox of Liquidity”的观点，非流动的资产特别不容易被剥夺。
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［4］Jack Weatherford, The History of Money: From Sandstone to Cyberspace (New York: Crown, 1997), 65.
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［5］Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (London: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 268.
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［6］同上，第266页。
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［7］同上，第270页。
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［8］Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 42-44, and Weatherford, History of Money, 69.
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［9］Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood, 298.
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［10］Richard Pipes, Property and Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999), 17-18.
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［11］North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
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［12］Henry Hallam, Constitutional History of England (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1876), 26.
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［13］Bruce Carruthers, City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 122.
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［14］North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment,” 822-824.
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［15］North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
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［16］Carruthers, City of Capital, 122.
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［17］S. E. Finer, The History of Government, vol. 3 (London: Oxford Press, 1997), 1271.
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［18］H. Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1937), 63.
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［19］Lawrence Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), 97.
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［20］C. G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-1700 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 70.
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［21］同上，第83页。
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［22］关于乡绅们有更大的积极性利用新知识，参见H. J. Habakkuk, “The Market for Monastic Property, 1539-1603,” Economic History Review 10, no. 3 (1987): 362-380, and Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change。本段引自R. H. Tawney, “The Rise of the Gentry, 1558-1640,” Economic History Review 11 (1949): 16。
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［23］G. G. Coulton, The Mediaeval Village (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1925), 13.
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［24］同上，第39页。
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［25］Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, 121.
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［26］Finer, The History of Government,1338.
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