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［3］Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 1837),quoted in Charles Warren, Bankruptcy in United States History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1935), 56.
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［4］Ian Domowitz and Elie Tamer, “Two Hundred Years of Bankruptcy: A Tale of Legislation and Economic Fluctuations,” Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University, working paper, 1997.
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［5］Erik Berglof and Howard Rosenthal, “The Political Economy of American Bankruptcy: The Evidence for Roll-Call Voting, 1800-1978” (paper presented at UCLA, Political Economy of Contractual Obligations, 1999).
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［6］Noel F. Regis, A History of the Bankruptcy Law (Washington, D.C.: C. H. Potter & Co., 1919), 143-144.
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［7］C. Warren, Bankruptcy in United States History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1935), 37.
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［8］同上，第8页。
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［9］原始数据来自R. Freeman and R. Oostendorop, “Occupational Wages around the World Database,” NBER (www.nber.org/oww)。
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［10］Stefanie Lenway, Randall Morck, and Bernard Yeung, “Rent Seeking, Protectionism, and Innovation in the American Steel Industry,” Economic Journal 106 (1996): 410-421.
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［11］M. Huson, R. Parrino, and L. Starks, “Internal Monitoring Mechanisms and CEO Turnover: A Long-Term Perspective,” Journal of Finance 56 (2001): 2265-2298.
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［12］Robert Parrino, “CEO Turnover and Outside Succession: A Cross-sectional Analysis,” Journal of Financial Economics 46 (1997): 165-197, and Michael s. Weisbach, “Outside Directors and CEO Turnover,” Journal of Financial Economics 20 (1988): 431-461.
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［13］R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and A. Shleifer, “Corporate Ownership around the World,” Journal of Finance 54, no. 2 (1999): 471-517.
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［14］Francisco Perez-Gonzalez, “Does Inherited Control Hurt Firm Performance?” Columbia University, working paper, 2002.
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［15］Vito Tanzi and Ludger Schknecht, Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 123.
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［16］Nicholas Barr, The Welfare State as Piggy Bank: Information, Risk, Uncertainty, and the Role of the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 269.
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［17］U.S. Bureau, of the Census, Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050 (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, February 1996).
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［18］Peter G. Peterson, Gray Dawn: How the Coming of Age Will Transform America and the World (New York: Times Books, 1999), 72, taxpayer per pensioner on p. 36.
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第13章
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［1］Manjeet Kripalani, “Polishing India’s Diamond Business,” Business Week, September 11, 2000.
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［2］同上。
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［3］关于美国如何限制金融业过分强大的讨论，参见Mark. J. Roe, Strong Managers, Weak Owners: The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994)。
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［4］当然，也有可能构造一个例子，使得有效率的生产商也有更大的动力去游说来争取补贴（例如，假如补贴与产量挂钩）。但我们的直觉是，一个更大的自由市场对于有效率的生产者来说更有价值，由于市场很大，他们应该不太害怕本地的竞争；还有，高效率的生产者花时间去游说的机会成本更高；最后，如果倒闭的损失很大，那缺乏效率的生产者去游说的积极性应该是最强的。
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［5］Luigi Zingales, “The Survival of the Fittest or the Fattest: Exit and Financing in the Trucking Industry,” Journal of Finance 53 (1998): 905-938.
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［6］David Stomberg, “Radio’s Impact on Public Spending,” Stockholm School of Economics, working paper, 2001.
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［7］参见R. W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 209。该研究显示，现在有65岁以上的老人的家庭和没有65岁以上的老人的家庭的收入的中值是相同的。由于需要赡养的人更少，他们的人均消费能力就更高。
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［8］David Barker, “In Utero Programming of Chronic Disease,” Clinical Science 95, no. 2 (1998): 115-128. David Barker, “Maternal and Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease,” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 28, no. 6 (1994): 544-551. David Barker, “The Fetal Origins of Adult Hypertension,” Journal of Hypertension Supplement 10, no. 7 (1992): S39-44.
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