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［8］同上，第8页。
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［9］原始数据来自R. Freeman and R. Oostendorop, “Occupational Wages around the World Database,” NBER (www.nber.org/oww)。
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［10］Stefanie Lenway, Randall Morck, and Bernard Yeung, “Rent Seeking, Protectionism, and Innovation in the American Steel Industry,” Economic Journal 106 (1996): 410-421.
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［11］M. Huson, R. Parrino, and L. Starks, “Internal Monitoring Mechanisms and CEO Turnover: A Long-Term Perspective,” Journal of Finance 56 (2001): 2265-2298.
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［12］Robert Parrino, “CEO Turnover and Outside Succession: A Cross-sectional Analysis,” Journal of Financial Economics 46 (1997): 165-197, and Michael s. Weisbach, “Outside Directors and CEO Turnover,” Journal of Financial Economics 20 (1988): 431-461.
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［13］R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes, and A. Shleifer, “Corporate Ownership around the World,” Journal of Finance 54, no. 2 (1999): 471-517.
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［14］Francisco Perez-Gonzalez, “Does Inherited Control Hurt Firm Performance?” Columbia University, working paper, 2002.
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［15］Vito Tanzi and Ludger Schknecht, Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 123.
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［16］Nicholas Barr, The Welfare State as Piggy Bank: Information, Risk, Uncertainty, and the Role of the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 269.
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［17］U.S. Bureau, of the Census, Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050 (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, February 1996).
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［18］Peter G. Peterson, Gray Dawn: How the Coming of Age Will Transform America and the World (New York: Times Books, 1999), 72, taxpayer per pensioner on p. 36.
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第13章
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［1］Manjeet Kripalani, “Polishing India’s Diamond Business,” Business Week, September 11, 2000.
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［2］同上。
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［3］关于美国如何限制金融业过分强大的讨论，参见Mark. J. Roe, Strong Managers, Weak Owners: The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994)。
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［4］当然，也有可能构造一个例子，使得有效率的生产商也有更大的动力去游说来争取补贴（例如，假如补贴与产量挂钩）。但我们的直觉是，一个更大的自由市场对于有效率的生产者来说更有价值，由于市场很大，他们应该不太害怕本地的竞争；还有，高效率的生产者花时间去游说的机会成本更高；最后，如果倒闭的损失很大，那缺乏效率的生产者去游说的积极性应该是最强的。
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［5］Luigi Zingales, “The Survival of the Fittest or the Fattest: Exit and Financing in the Trucking Industry,” Journal of Finance 53 (1998): 905-938.
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［6］David Stomberg, “Radio’s Impact on Public Spending,” Stockholm School of Economics, working paper, 2001.
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［7］参见R. W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 209。该研究显示，现在有65岁以上的老人的家庭和没有65岁以上的老人的家庭的收入的中值是相同的。由于需要赡养的人更少，他们的人均消费能力就更高。
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［8］David Barker, “In Utero Programming of Chronic Disease,” Clinical Science 95, no. 2 (1998): 115-128. David Barker, “Maternal and Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease,” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians 28, no. 6 (1994): 544-551. David Barker, “The Fetal Origins of Adult Hypertension,” Journal of Hypertension Supplement 10, no. 7 (1992): S39-44.
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［9］U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1975), 55.
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［10］Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1999 (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1999), 194.
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［11］K. Olson, The G.I. Bill, the Veterans, and the Colleges (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1974), and T. Skocpol, “The G.I. Bill and U.S. Social Policy, Past and Future,” in the Welfare State, ed. E. Paul, F. Miller, and J. Paul (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
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［12］关于自由贸易的优点，经济学家们撰写了两本非常优秀的著作，参见Douglas Irwin, Free Trade under Fire (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002)，Jagdish Bhagwati, Free Trade Today (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002)。不同意见，参见 Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997)。
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［13］关于这个观点的深入研究，参见Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002)。我们在这里不再用更多笔墨为全球化进行辩护，有关的普及性书籍可以参见 Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect: The Challenge and the Hidden Promise of Globalization (New York: Crown Business, 2000)。
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