打字猴:1.70462878e+09
1704628780 ［36］Paul Samuelson，“Review,”Economic Journal 75 (1965): 804-806，quote p. 805.
1704628781
1704628782 ［37］Michael Kalecki，“Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income,” Kyklos 24 (1971): 1-9，quote p. 3.
1704628783
1704628784 ［38］这个分析将工资谈判模式（在这个模式里，工会对就业产生影响）与Avinash Dixit和Joseph Stiglitz的垄断竞争模式结合了起来，关于垄断竞争模式，请参见Avinash Dixit and Joseph Stiglitz，“Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity,” American Economic Review 67 (1977): 297-308。
1704628785
1704628786 ［39］John K. Galbraith，American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (London: Hamish Hamilton，1952).
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1704628788 ［40］Office for National Statistics，Ownership of UK Quoted Shares，2012 (London: Office for National Statistics，2013)，Table 1.
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1704628790 ［41］Andrea Brandolini，“Nonlinear Dynamics，Entitlement Rules，and the Cyclical Behaviour of the Personal Income Distribution,” Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper 84，London School of Economics，July 1992.
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1704628792 ［42］和关于异质性行为人的宏观经济学文献一样，请参见Vincenzo Quadrini and José-Victor Rios-Rull，“Inequality in Macroeconomics,” in Anthony B. Atkinson and Franois Bourguignon，eds.，Handbook of Income Distribution，vol. 2B (Amsterdam: Elsevier，2015)，1229-1302.
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1704628794 ［43］U.S. Census Bureau,Educational Attainment in the United States: 2013，Table 1: “Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years and Over.”
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1704628796 ［44］World Bank，Data on labour force with tertiary education: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TERT.ZS.
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1704628798 ［45］这些计算假设收入分配的上尾表现出帕累托分布。帕累托分布是由Vilfredo Pareto于19世纪末首次提出的，它的数学形式是：收入为Y及以上的人群比重与Y -α成一定比例，其中α为帕累托系数。帕累托分布的特性是Y以上的平均收入等于α/(α-1) Y。英国的帕累托系数从1977年的4.5左右下降到2003年的2.8（数据来源：Anthony B. Atkinson and Sarah Voitchovsky，“The Distribution of Top Earnings in the UK since the Second World War,” Economica 78 (2011): 440-459），这些数值是本书计算相关数字的基础。譬如，α=4.5时得出Y以上的平均收入为4.5/3.5 (= 1.29)乘以Y。从收入的前十分之一进入前百分之一，收入需要上升10 1/α倍。
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1704628800 ［46］Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson，“Winner-Take-All Politics: Public Policy，Political Organization，and the Precipitous Rise of Top In comes in the United States,” Politics and Society 38 (2010): 152-204.
1704628801
1704628802 ［47］See Atkinson，The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries，Ch. 4.
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1704628804 ［48］Anthony B. Atkinson，“The Distribution of Top Incomes in the United Kingdom 1908-2000,” in A. B. Atkinson and Thomas Piketty，eds.，Top Incomes: A Global Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2010)，82-140，Figure 4.11。
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1704628806 ［49］Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez，“Income and Wage Inequality in the United States，1913-2002,” in Atkinson and Piketty，Top Incomes，quote p. 153.
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1704628808 ［50］Jon Bakija，Adam Cole，and Bradley T. Heim，“Jobs and Income Growth of Top Earners and the Causes of Changing Income Inequality: Evidence from U.S. Tax Return Data,” Williams College Department of Economics Working Paper，2010-22 (revised 2012).
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1704628810 ［51］Alfred Marshall，Principles of Economics，8th ed. (London: Macmillan，1920).
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1704628812 ［52］Thomas Lemieux，W. Bentley MacLeod，and Daniel Parent，“Performance Pay and Wage Inequality,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2009): 1-49.
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1704628814 ［53］Hacker and Pierson，“Winner-Take-All Politics,” p. 203.
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1704628816 ［54］Hacker and Pierson，“Winner-Take-All Politics,” p. 192.
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1704628818 ［55］Facundo Alvaredo，Anthony B. Atkinson，Thomas Piketty，and Emmanuel Saez，“The Top 1 Per Cent in International and Historical Perspective,”Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 (2013): 3-20，表1。美国的数据来源于Christoph Lakner，“Wages，Capital and Top Incomes: The Factor Income Composition of Top Incomes in the USA，1960-2005,” forthcoming。Rolf Aaberge，Anthony B. Atkinson，Sebastian Knigs和Christoph Lakner还对比了美国数据和挪威数据，请参见Rolf Aaberge，Anthony B. Atkinson，Sebastian Knigs and Christoph Lakner，“Wages，Capital and Top In comes,” forthcoming。劳动收入的定义为工资、养老金与2/3营业（自营）收入之和。
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1704628820 ［56］John Kay and Mervyn King，The British Tax System (Oxford: Oxford University Press，1980)，quote p. 59.
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1704628822 ［57］对于男性是这样的，但对于女性却不一定。如果我们观察一下收入的前1%，就会看到女性的比例严重偏低。譬如在加拿大，2010年1%最高收入人群中只有21%是女性（Statistics Canada，“High-Income Trends among Canadian Taxfilers，1982 to 2010,” release 28 January 2013）。在英国，2011年该比例为17%（Anthony B. Atkinson，Alessandra Casarico，and Sarah Voitchovsky，“Top Incomes and the Glass Ceiling,” forthcoming）。男性和女性之间存在明显的“玻璃天花板”。
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1704628824 第4章 技术变革与抗衡力量
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1704628826 ［1］“The Future of Jobs: The Onrushing Wave,” Briefing，Economist, 18 January 2014.
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1704628828 ［2］John M. Keynes，“Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” originally published in The Nation and Athenaeum (11 and 18 October，1930)，reprinted in Essays in Persuasion (London: Macmillan，1933)，part V，ch. 2.
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