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［11］Günther Schmid,Full Employment in Europe (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008), Table 5.1。公务员和士兵被包含在“标准就业”类中。
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［12］European Trade Union Institute,Benchmarking Working Europe 2012 (Brussels: ETUI, 2012), quote p. 31.
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［13］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2013(Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014).
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［14］Eurostat website,Employed Persons with a Second Job(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00074), downloaded 27 October 2014, series tps00074.
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［15］The Guardian, 28 October 2014, G2, quote p. 12.
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［16］Andrea Brandolini and Eliana Viviano, “Extensive versus Intensive Margin: Changing Perspective on the Employment Rate,” paper for Conference on Comparative EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), Austria, Vienna, December 2012.
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［17］International Labour Organisation, “Part-Time Work: Solution or Trap?”International Labour Review 136 (1997): 557-578, quote pp. 562-563.
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［18］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, quote p.41, Chart 28.
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［19］Richard A. Musgrave,The Theory of Public Finance(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
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［20］Joseph A. Kershaw,Government against Poverty(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970),quote p.91.
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［21］Peter Gottschalk, “The Impact of Changes in Public Employment on Low-Wage Labor Markets,” in Richard B. Freeman and Peter Gottschalk, eds.,Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998), quote p. 83.
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［22］Robert H. Haveman, “The Dutch Social Employment Program,” in John L. Palmer, ed.,Creating Jobs(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978): 241-270, quote p. 243.
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［23］Hyman P. Minsky,Stabilizing an Unstable Economy（New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986）。明斯基计划的预计成本是国民生产总值的0.055%，涉及约200万名工人。2014年9月，美国的失业总人口是930万人（Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release, U.S. Department of Labor,The Employment Situation—September 2014, USDL-14-1796）。
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［24］根据零时工作合同，雇主可以将雇员的工作小时设定为全职至零小时不等。禁止此类合同的理由很充分，但不论怎样，这类合同在英国的合法性已经受到了质疑：参见Ewan McGaughey, “Are Zero Hours Contracts Lawful?” 29 November 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2531913。
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［25］Kershaw, Government against Poverty, quote p. 92.
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［26］Established in 2014, see http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079.
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［27］David T. Ellwood and Elisabeth Welty, “Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work: A Policy Whose Time Has Come and Gone and Come Again?” in Rebecca Blank and David Card, eds., Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001): 299-372, quote p. 300.
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［28］Melvin M. Brodsky, “Public-Service Employment Programs in Selected OECD Countries,”Monthly Labor Review 123 (2000): 31-41, quote p. 34.
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［29］Lane Kenworthy,Egalitarian Cap italism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), quote p. 153.
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［30］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, the heading to Section 5.1 of ch. 2.
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［31］Ive Marx and Gerlinde Verbist, “The Policy Response: Boosting Employment and Social Investment,” in Wiemer Salverda et al., eds.,Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014): 265-293, quote p. 271.
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［32］OECD,Extending Opportunities: How Active Social Policy Can Benefit Us All (Paris: OECD, 2005), quote p. 8.
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［33］Winston Churchill MP, Hansard House of Commons, 24 April 1906 155: col 1888.
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［34］接受这一定义应归功于低工作就业研究（LoWER）网络的研究成果。See Claudio Lucifora and Wiemer Salverda,Policies for Low-Wage Employment and Social Exclusion in Europe(Milan: Franco/Angeli, 1998); and “Low Pay,” in Wiemer Salverda, Brian Nolan, and Timothy Smeeding, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 257-283。
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［35］Centre for Research in Social Policy, “Uprating the UK Living Wage in 2013,” CRSP Working Paper 2013, University of Loughborough.
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