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［3］B被排除在外是因为，如果在对工人的需求（供给）过度时工资增加（减少），那么B就不稳定。如果存在任何轻微的偏差，那么经济就会要么上移至A，要么下移至C。
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［4］Harvey Leibenstein, “The Theory of Underemployment in Densely Populated Backward Areas,” in Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth (New York: John Wiley, 1963), ch. 6.
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［5］See Carl Shapiro and Joseph E. Stiglitz, “Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device,” American Economic Review 74 (1984): 433-444.
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［6］Martin Feldstein,“Introduction,” in Martin Feldstein, ed., The American Economy in Transition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), quote p. 4.
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［7］Jose Harris,Unemployment and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),p. 307.
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［8］See Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright, “Unemployment Compensation and Labor Market Transitions: A Critical Review,” Journal of Economic Literature 29 (1991): 1679-1727.
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［9］David Card, RajChetty, and Andrea Weber, “The Spike at Benefit Exhaustion: Leaving the Unemployment System or Starting a New Job,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 97 (2007): 113-118, quote p. 113.
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［10］下文进行了更正式的论证：Anthony B. Atkinson, The Economic Consequences of Rolling Back the Welfare State (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), ch. 7.
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［11］有关不平等和增长的文献综述，参见 Sarah Voitchovsky “Inequality and Economic Growth,” in Wiemer Salverda, Brian Nolan, and Timothy M. Smeeding, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009): 549-574.
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［12］请注意，这不同于用购买力平价衡量的GDP增长，因为购买力平价转换率的变化本质上一种多边计算，不一定与国内通胀率相一致，对通胀率的衡量只利用全国性统计数字。参见 Anthony B. Atkinson, Eric Marlier, and Anne-Catherine Guio, “Monitoring the Evolution of Income Poverty and Real Incomes over Time,” Second Network for the Analysis of EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (Net-SILC2) Working Paper, 2015.
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［13］中国可能因为发展迅速而高度不平等。
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［14］Steven N.Durlauf, “Econometric Analysis and the Study of Economic Growth: A Skeptical Perspective,” in Roger Backhouse and Andrea Salanti, eds., Macroeconomics and the Real World, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 249-262. 引文中的参考书目：Steven N. Durlauf and Danny T. Quah, “The New Empirics of Economic Growth,” in John B. Taylor and Michael Woodford, eds., Handbook of Macroeconomics (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1999): 235-308.
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［15］Ostry, Berg, and Tsangarides, “Redistribution.”
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［16］Ostry, Berg和 Tsangarides, “Redistribution,” quote p.17。本段最后一处引用来自第4页。
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第10章 全球化是否会阻碍行动？
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［1］“History of Globalization,” “Modern Globalization,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_globalization, downloaded 19 January 2015.
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［2］See also Anthony B. Atkinson, “Globalization and the European Welfare State at the Opening and the Closing of the Twentieth Century,” in Henryk Kierzkowski, ed., Europe and Globalization (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002): 249-273.
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［3］Isaac M.Rubinow, Social Insurance: With Special Reference to American Conditions (New York: Williams and Norgate, 1913), quote p. 26.
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［4］MosesAbramovitz, “Welfare Quandaries and Productivity Concerns,” American Economic Review 71 (1981): 1-17, quote pp. 2-3.
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［5］James M. Buchanan,“The Fiscal Crises in Welfare Democracies with Some Implications for Public Investment,” in Hirofumi Shibata and Toshihiro Ihori, eds., The Welfare State, Public Investment, and Growth (Berlin: Springer, 1998), 3-16, quote p. 4.
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［6］Michel Camdessus, IMF Managing Director, as reported in The Observer, 21 September 1997.
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［7］法国经济学家Jules Dupuit在1844年给出了非常清楚的解释：“如果把税从零逐渐提高到一个高得负担不起的点，那么税收收益最开始为零，然后一点一点地增加，直至达到一个最大值，随后逐渐降低，直至再次变为零。” (译自 Kenneth J. Arrow and Tibor Scitovsky, eds., Readings in Welfare Economics (London: Allen and Unwin, 1969), quote p. 278.
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［8］Joe Minarik, “Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries,” Presentation to Meeting of Senior Budget Officials, 4-5 June 2009, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/42976288.pdf, slide 22.
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［9］Paul Krugman, “Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession,” Foreign Affairs 74/2 (1994): 28-44, quote p. 44, and “Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 1996 (Autumn): 17-25, quote p. 24.
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［10］Richard Tawney, Equality, 2nd rev. ed. (London: Unwin Books, 1931), quote p. 270.
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