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［5］James M. Buchanan,“The Fiscal Crises in Welfare Democracies with Some Implications for Public Investment,” in Hirofumi Shibata and Toshihiro Ihori, eds., The Welfare State, Public Investment, and Growth (Berlin: Springer, 1998), 3-16, quote p. 4.
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［6］Michel Camdessus, IMF Managing Director, as reported in The Observer, 21 September 1997.
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［7］法国经济学家Jules Dupuit在1844年给出了非常清楚的解释：“如果把税从零逐渐提高到一个高得负担不起的点，那么税收收益最开始为零，然后一点一点地增加，直至达到一个最大值，随后逐渐降低，直至再次变为零。” (译自 Kenneth J. Arrow and Tibor Scitovsky, eds., Readings in Welfare Economics (London: Allen and Unwin, 1969), quote p. 278.
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［8］Joe Minarik, “Tax Expenditures in OECD Countries,” Presentation to Meeting of Senior Budget Officials, 4-5 June 2009, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/governance/budgeting/42976288.pdf, slide 22.
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［9］Paul Krugman, “Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession,” Foreign Affairs 74/2 (1994): 28-44, quote p. 44, and “Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 1996 (Autumn): 17-25, quote p. 24.
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［10］Richard Tawney, Equality, 2nd rev. ed. (London: Unwin Books, 1931), quote p. 270.
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［11］Migration Advisory Committee,Migrants in Low-Skilled Work: The Growth of EU and Non-EU Labour in Low-Skilled Jobs and Its Impact on the UK: Summary Report (London: Migration Advisory Committee, 2014). 引文来自第1页和第8页。
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［12］Danny Dorling,“Overseas Property Buyers Are Not the Problem: Landlord Subsidies Are,” The Guardian, 10 February 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/10/overseas-property-london-landlord-subsidies.See also Danny Dorling, All That Is Solid (London: Penguin, 2014).
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［13］John Hilary,The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (Brussels: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 2014), quote p. 6.
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［14］我把这句引文归于 Leif J. Eliasson, “What Is at Stake in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership?” Saar Expert Papers 2/2014, http://jean-monnet-saar.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/10_07_14_TTIP-Eliasson. pdf.
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［15］Ranjit Lall, “Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International Organizations,” ms. in prep.
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［16］OECD Press Release, 17 September 2014, and oral reply to questions.
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［17］Pierre Gramegna, Press Conference at Ecofin Council, Brussels, 11 November 2014.
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［18］Robert Marjolin, chair, “The Marjolin Report,” Report of the Study Group: Economic and Monetary Union 1980 (Brussels: European Commission, EMU-63, 1975), quote p. 34.
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［19］Donald MacDougall, chair,“The MacDougall Report, vol. 2,” Report of the Study Group on the Role of Public Finance in European Integration (Brussels: European Commission, 1977), quote p. 16.
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［20］See Eric Marlier and David Natali, with Rudi Van Dam, eds., Europe 2020: Towards a More Social EU? (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2010).
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［21］要想获得对无工作家庭这一成分的有力评论，参见 Sophie Ponthieux, “Evolution of AROPE over Time: A Focus on (Quasi-) Joblessness,” paper presented at the International Conference on Comparative EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (Net-SILC2), Lisbon, October 2014。
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第11章 我们能否负担得起？
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［1］England Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income,Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income. First \[etc.\] Day. 21 June 1951, etc. (London, 1952), Question 444.
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［2］我们之所以能够这么做，也是受益于财政大臣的讲话被苏格兰民族主义者Alex Salmond突然打断，他然后被下议院逐出，但是因此耽误了进程。
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［3］我非常感谢他们的计算，当然，我自己为计算结果负责。对模型的描述，参见Paola De Agostini and Holly Sutherland，EUROMOD Country Report: UK 2009-2013(EUROMOD: University of Essex, June 2014)。
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［4］DeAgostini and Sutherland,EUROMOD Country Report, quote p. 59.
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［5］对这一领域的研究的调查，参见Michael P. Keane, “Labour Supply and Taxes: A Survey,”Journal of Economic Literature 49 (2011): 961-1075。
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［6］Congressional Budget Office website, Processes, https://www.cbo.gov/content/processes.
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［7］这一项需要与儿童津贴相结合，使那些没有资格获得参与性收入的能被儿童津贴覆盖，同时避免正在接受教育的人的参与性收入高于儿童津贴。事实上，对于中学辍学者而言，更好的选择是给其支付儿童津贴，超过那个年龄之后再支付参与性收入。
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