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因为二战后产业政策在全世界遭遇了很多次失败，许多经济学家和政策制定者对产业政策都提出了严重的质疑。考虑到O’Brien and Keyder（1978：15）的建议：“（如果可能的话）应研究各国在不同历史阶段的独特发展能力”，本文研究了当今发达经济体结构变化的机制以及东亚和其他地区的一些发展中国家成功的原因，并提出了一个政府干预经济的理论框架。
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本文认为，产业政策的失败更有可能源于增长甄别过程中决策者的失误。发达国家和发展中国家政府实施的产业政策通常可分为以下两大类：（1）它们试图扶持一些新产业的发展，但它们选定的这些新产业要么过于先进而离本国潜在的比较优势太远，要么过于陈旧而失去了比较优势；（2）它们试图扶持一些新产业的发展，而且它们选定的这些新产业与本国的潜在比较优势是相符的。只有后一类政策才是有可能成功的。表现良好的发达国家和发展中国家政府在产业升级和多样化过程中积极主动地帮助企业利用市场机遇。这些政府通常的做法是，解决信息、协调和外部性等问题，向私人提供充足的软硬件基础设施。我们希望，在发展中国家的政府扶持其结构转型的过程中，本文所提出的增长甄别与因势利导方法可以帮助它们找出适合本国发展的产业。
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