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在 after a long 后面的名词,可随时改用他字。如:
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I received a letter from him after a long silence.(许久未通讯,最近才接到他来函。)
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I went out for a walk after a long interval.(好久没有出外散步,这回才去了。)
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He returned to his native village after a long absence.(他出门很久才回故乡。)
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这种说法都是 for a long time 的变化,如 after a long separation 就等于说 whom I had not seen for a long time,而 after a long absence 就等于说 where he had not been for a long time.诸如此类,斟酌情形,是可以采用各种不同的名词来代替 time 的。
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英文疑难详解 3.raise one’s hand 用复数人称时,名词也改复数
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“举手”英文说 raise one’s hand,是举起一只手来,如遇到强盗,表示不抵抗时,即说 hold up one’s hands,是举起双手,普通表示赞成,大家举手时,也说 raise their hand 行吗?因为若说 raise their hands,岂不是每人举起双手来了吗?到底应该用单数还是复数?
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【解答】这确是英文的一种不完善的地方,也只怪得人类的双手常不同时动作的缘故,如果是眼睛就没有这个问题,因为两个人仰视时说 raise their eyes,一个人时还是 raise his eyes.一个人举手时说 raise his hand,自然很清楚,表示只举一只手,但多数人时,则说:
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They all raised their hands.
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意思仍然是各人只举一只手,习惯上都知道是举单手不是举双手,虽则可能含有双手之意。不过真正要分别的话,我们还是可以说 their both hands 来表示举双手的。原则上多数人就要用复数名词,参考下面各种例句:
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I make up my mind.(下决心。)
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They make up their minds.
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You must not speak ill of a man to his face.(不要当面说人坏话。)
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You must not speak ill of others to their faces.
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Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.(不要背后说人坏话。)
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Do not speak ill of others behind their backs.
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但是请看下面二例:
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(a) The three men were nodding their heads.
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(b) The three men were nodding their head.
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据 G. H. Vallins 在 Perfect Your English( P.107)中说,上面的(a)例,意为三个人每个人都有一个以上的头,而(b)
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例的意思则为三个人共一个头,所以用复数或单数都一样的有毛病,但除此二者之外,没有其他更好的说法,只得从二者择其一,勉强用了(b)型。所以我说有时是英文本身不完善的地方,无法说得满意的。
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但有些名词如 way 是不要加复数的,例如:
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They continued their way on foot.(他们继续徒步前进了。)
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