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说话的时候,每每喜欢用 you 来指 people 又常爱前后改变人称,听话的人当然明白指的是谁,所以也不必多事吹求,但下笔写成文字时,就必须注意这些小地方,以减少行文的毛病。
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常有人主张“ Write as you talk.”如果真的照你说的写出来的时候,据 Rudolf Flesch 在他的 Readable Writing 一书第八十四页上说,口头英语和笔下英语在文法、惯用法和习语的遣词造句上都大有不同。口头英语有两个主要的特色:造句的松懈和用字的重复(loose sentence structure and a great deal of repetition),可见下笔写作时是不能不稍加考究的。
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英文疑难详解 19.it 的误用
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Long ago I decided to become an air stewardess because it gives one a chance to see the world.(很久以前我就决心要做一个空中小姐,因为使人有机会看世界。)这句英文不知有无毛病?
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【解答】这句英文是有 polish(润色)的余地的。毛病出在代名词的 it 上,前面没有可代的名词,自然它就落空了。改正的办法是把句中 it gives 二字去掉,在 one 字后加上 may have 二字就行了。这个 one 虽也是代名词,但指的是任何一个人,等于说 we,you,they,全是代表 people 一样,前面不必要有一个名词。再看下面的例句:
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Television sets will probably never completely take the place of motion pictures,but it will undoubtedly develop into a very popular form of entertainment.(电视机多半永远不会完全取代电影,但它无疑地是会发展成为一种非常普遍的娱乐方式的。)句中的 it 应改为 they 才可代表前面的 sets 一个复数名词。
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The problem is simply stated: Should our country allow citizens to make treasonous statements,even though they are not actually guilty of it?(把那问题简单地说:我国应否让公民发表卖国的言论,即令他们实际并未犯卖国罪。)句中的 it 不能代表前面的 statements,应改为 treason 才妥。
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In one of the pamphlets I used it gives a chart showing the increase in the costs of government.(在我用的一本手册中,有一张图表说明政府费用的增加。)句中的 it 是突如其来的,应删去才对,同时句首的 in 也不要。
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英文疑难详解 20.关系代名词的误用
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The game was scarcely under way before mud had worked into my shoulder pads which caused a raw feeling.这句英文不知应如何译法?文字上有无毛病?
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【解答】这句英文可译作“竞赛刚一开始,烂泥就弄到我两肩的垫子中去,引起一种湿冷的感觉”。句中的关系代名词 which 一字用得不妥,因为它指的是前面的 pads,而实际引起湿冷之感的是 mud,所以应将 which 改为 and,使 caused 与前面的 worked 并立就很妥善了。
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我们不妨再来检讨一下另外的句子:
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In the United States enough time,energy,and money were spent to build atomic bombs that could have been used to erect new cities.(美国为着造原子弹所用去的时间、精力和金钱,足够建立好几个新的城市了。)句中关系代名词 that 是指前面的 atomic bombs,实际应指 time,energy,and money 才对,所以全句宜修正为:
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In the United States enough time,energy and money that could have been used to erect new cities,were spent to build atomic bombs.
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请再看:
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Many of our most intelligent youth are not given a chance for an education which does not improve the quality of our voting citizency.(许多聪明的青年都没有接受教育的机会,由于他们的无知,而不能提高选民的素质。)句中 which 是指“教育”恰与原意相反,应将 which 改为 their illiteracy 就达意了。
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英文疑难详解 21.代名词应有所代表
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“排队等上一个多钟头,结果他们说经理今天不能接见,要我们明天再去,真是使人气馁。”译作 It is surely discouraging for us to stand in line for more than one hour and then have them tell us that we can’t see the manager until tomorrow.不知对不对?
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【解答】译文大致不差,只有 them 一字用得不太恰当,在口头说话时,用字较为随便,写成文字必须交代清楚,这个代名词 them,是代表那机关的办事人员,但在本句中前面并没有 the staff 或 office-workers 一类的复数名词,所以它无可代表,突如其来,有欠确实,应设法改正。最好不用 have them tell us 的表现法,单说一个 be told,不但意思也能表达,而且与前面的不定词一致,即 for us to stand and (to)be told,在一句话当中,不中途改变章法,文章自然流利了。全句成为:
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